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BS IEC TR 63401-1:2022

$215.11

Dynamic characteristics of inverter-based resources in bulk power systems – Interconnecting inverter-based resources to low short circuit ratio AC networks

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2022 104
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PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
4 CONTENTS
8 FOREWORD
10 INTRODUCTION
11 1 Scope
12 2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
14 4 Characteristics of low short circuit ratio AC networks
4.1 Definition of low short circuit ratio
4.1.1 General
15 4.1.2 Low SCR in IEEE Std 1204-1997
4.1.3 Low SCR in CIGRE B4.62 TB671
17 4.2 Stability issues posed by inverter-based resources
4.2.1 General
Figures
Figure 1 – Measured voltage and current curves of sub-synchronous oscillation
18 4.2.2 Static voltage control
4.2.3 Fault ride-through
4.2.4 Multi-frequency oscillation
19 4.3 Summary
5 Identification of low short circuit ratio AC networks
5.1 Problem statement
20 5.2 Short circuit ratio for a single-connected REPP system
5.2.1 SCR calculation with fault current
21 5.2.2 SCR calculation with equivalent circuit
Figure 2 – Schematic diagram of a WPP with no static or dynamic reactive support
22 Figure 3 – Equivalent circuit representation of the WPP shown in Figure 2
26 Figure 4 – A typical SIPES
Figure 5 – Changes of system eigenvalues, and the weakest system eigenvalue’s damping ratio with SCR in a SIPES
27 Figure 6 – Schematic diagram of a WPP with static reactivesupport plant (capacitor banks)
Figure 7 – Equivalent circuit representation of the WPP shown in Figure 6
28 5.3 Short circuit ratio for multi grid-connected WPP system
5.3.1 General
Figure 8 – Schematic diagram of a WPP with dynamic reactivesupport plant (synchronous condensers)
Figure 9 – Equivalent circuit representation of the WPP shown in Figure 8
29 5.3.2 Modal decoupling method
30 Figure 10 – Mechanism illustration of decoupling a MIPESinto a set of equivalent SIPESs
31 Figure 11 – A typical MIPES
35 Figure 12 – A test wind farm system that contains nine wind turbines
37 Figure 13 – One-line diagram of 5-infeed PES
Tables
Table 1 – Rated capacity of PEDs in 5-infeed PES in p.u.
38 Figure 14 – Eigenvalue comparison of 5-infeed PES and its 5 equivalent SIPESs
Table 2 – Network parameters of 5-infeed PES in p.u.
Table 3 – Relationship between equivalent SIPESs and eigenvaluesof Yeq in 5-infeed PES
39 Figure 15 – The 9-converter heterogeneous system with a IEEE 39-bus network topology
Table 4 – Control parameters of converters
40 5.3.3 Circuit aggregation method
Figure 16 – The dominant eigenvalues and the damping ratios
41 Figure 17 – Nearby WPP connected to the same region in a power system
42 Figure 18 – Equivalent representation of multiple windfarmsconnecting to a power system with its Z matrix
43 Figure 19 – Equivalent circuit representation of two WPPs connectedto the same connection point-configuration 2
44 Figure 20 – Four WPPs integrated into the system with weak connections
Table 5 – Wind capacity and SCR values assuming no interaction
45 Figure 21 – Multiple WPPs connecting to the same HV busor HV buses in close proximity
Figure 22 – Equivalent circuit representation of WPPs connecting to the same HV bus
Figure 23 – Approximate equivalent representation assumed for CSCR method
47 5.4 Summary
Table 6 – The definition of different MISCRs
48 Table 7 – Comparison of SCR methods
49 6 Steady state voltage stability issue for low short circuit ratio AC networks
6.1 Problem statements
6.2 Steady state stability analysis method
6.2.1 P-V curve
Figure 24 – System topology
Figure 25 – Typical P-V curve
50 6.2.2 Q-V curve
Figure 26 – System topology
Figure 27 – Typical Q-V curve
51 6.2.3 Voltage sensitivity analysis
Figure 28 – Simplified equivalent circuit oflarge-scale wind power integration system
53 Figure 29 – Voltage sensitivity at PCC of large-scale wind power integration system
54 Figure 30 – Single generator connected to an infinite bus via grid impedance
55 Figure 31 – P-V curves for a typical generator in a weak grid
56 6.2.4 Relation to short circuit ratio
58 6.3 Control strategy for inverter-based resource
6.3.1 Active power and reactive power control
60 6.3.2 Voltage control
Figure 32 – Power limit curve of DFIG
61 6.4 Case study
6.4.1 Steady state voltage stability problem – China
Figure 33 – Voltage control block diagram of the doubly-fed wind turbine
Figure 34 – Network structure of Baicheng grid
62 Figure 35 – Short circuit capacity of Baicheng network
63 Figure 36 – P-V curves and V-Q curves
Table 8 – Wind farm’s maximum power under different conditions
64 6.4.2 Low SCR interconnection experience – Vestas
Figure 37 – Reactive power of the wind farm and voltage level at the PCC
65 6.5 Summary
Figure 38 – Schematic representation of the study system
66 7 Transient issue for low short circuit ratio AC networks
7.1 Problem statement
Figure 39 – Fault characteristics
67 7.2 Transient characteristic modelling and analysis
7.2.1 Transient stability analysis tools and limitations
68 7.2.2 Electromagnetic transient (EMT) type models
Figure 40 – Comparison of VER fault response betweentransient stability and EMT models
69 7.2.3 Transient stability analysis model requirements
7.3 Fault ride-through protection and control issue
7.3.1 General
70 7.3.2 Hardware protection of inverter-based resource during fault
71 Figure 41 – Doubly-fed wind turbine rotor-side crowbar protection circuit topology
73 7.3.3 Unbalancing-voltage ride-through issue
74 Figure 42 – Schematic diagram of positive and negative sequence currentcontrol of DFIG converter under grid unbalanced fault
75 7.3.4 Overvoltage ride-through control strategy
Figure 43 – Comparative analysis of simulation results
76 Figure 44 – Overvoltage ride-through control flow diagram
77 7.3.5 Multiple fault ride-through
Figure 45 – Multiple fault conditions
78 Figure 46 – Pitch angle control strategy
79 Figure 47 – Typical characteristics of Pm and Pe under multiple fault ride-through
80 7.3.6 Under and over -voltage ride-through in time sequence
Figure 48 – Characteristics of Pm and Pe under multiple fault ride-through
Figure 49 – Under/overvoltage ride-through curve
81 7.3.7 Active/reactive current support of inverter-based resource during fault
82 7.4 Operating experiences
7.4.1 Operating experience – China
Figure 50 – Circuit diagram in Jiuquan
83 7.4.2 Operating experience
Figure 51 – Analysis of wind power disconnection incident
84 Figure 52 – Demonstration of voltage regulation performanceduring variable power output conditions
85 7.5 Summary
8 Oscillatory instability issue for low short circuit ratio AC networks
8.1 Problem statement
Table 9 – New oscillation issues of power systems in the world
87 Figure 53 – Configuration of a system of multiple grid-tied VSIs
88 8.2 Modelling and stability analysis
8.2.1 Analysis and modelling of the inverter in the time-domain
8.2.2 Analysis and modelling of the inverter in the frequency-domain
89 Figure 54 – Control schematic diagram and structure of inverter
91 Table 10 – Detailed influence frequency ranges of every loop
92 Figure 55 – Frequency coupling in different frequency range
93 Figure 56 – Negative resistor caused by PLL
94 Figure 57 – Negative resistor caused by DVC
95 8.3 Mitigation of the oscillation issues by active damping control
Figure 58 – Equivalent circuits of the LC-filter considering the virtual resistor
Table 11 – Approximate distribution of high frequency negative damping range
96 8.4 Cases study based on the benchmark model
Figure 59 – Active damping control methods
97 Figure 60 – Impact of virtual resistance control on the stability
98 Table 12 – Typical cases of weak grid parameters
99 Figure 61 – Impact of line length on the stability
100 Figure 62 – Impact of PLL on the stability
101 8.5 Summary
Figure 63 – Impact of current control loop on the stability
102 9 Conclusions
103 Bibliography
BS IEC TR 63401-1:2022
$215.11