BS IEC TR 63401-1:2022
$215.11
Dynamic characteristics of inverter-based resources in bulk power systems – Interconnecting inverter-based resources to low short circuit ratio AC networks
Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
BSI | 2022 | 104 |
PDF Catalog
PDF Pages | PDF Title |
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2 | undefined |
4 | CONTENTS |
8 | FOREWORD |
10 | INTRODUCTION |
11 | 1 Scope |
12 | 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions |
14 | 4 Characteristics of low short circuit ratio AC networks 4.1 Definition of low short circuit ratio 4.1.1 General |
15 | 4.1.2 Low SCR in IEEE Std 1204-1997 4.1.3 Low SCR in CIGRE B4.62 TB671 |
17 | 4.2 Stability issues posed by inverter-based resources 4.2.1 General Figures Figure 1 – Measured voltage and current curves of sub-synchronous oscillation |
18 | 4.2.2 Static voltage control 4.2.3 Fault ride-through 4.2.4 Multi-frequency oscillation |
19 | 4.3 Summary 5 Identification of low short circuit ratio AC networks 5.1 Problem statement |
20 | 5.2 Short circuit ratio for a single-connected REPP system 5.2.1 SCR calculation with fault current |
21 | 5.2.2 SCR calculation with equivalent circuit Figure 2 – Schematic diagram of a WPP with no static or dynamic reactive support |
22 | Figure 3 – Equivalent circuit representation of the WPP shown in Figure 2 |
26 | Figure 4 – A typical SIPES Figure 5 – Changes of system eigenvalues, and the weakest system eigenvalue’s damping ratio with SCR in a SIPES |
27 | Figure 6 – Schematic diagram of a WPP with static reactivesupport plant (capacitor banks) Figure 7 – Equivalent circuit representation of the WPP shown in Figure 6 |
28 | 5.3 Short circuit ratio for multi grid-connected WPP system 5.3.1 General Figure 8 – Schematic diagram of a WPP with dynamic reactivesupport plant (synchronous condensers) Figure 9 – Equivalent circuit representation of the WPP shown in Figure 8 |
29 | 5.3.2 Modal decoupling method |
30 | Figure 10 – Mechanism illustration of decoupling a MIPESinto a set of equivalent SIPESs |
31 | Figure 11 – A typical MIPES |
35 | Figure 12 – A test wind farm system that contains nine wind turbines |
37 | Figure 13 – One-line diagram of 5-infeed PES Tables Table 1 – Rated capacity of PEDs in 5-infeed PES in p.u. |
38 | Figure 14 – Eigenvalue comparison of 5-infeed PES and its 5 equivalent SIPESs Table 2 – Network parameters of 5-infeed PES in p.u. Table 3 – Relationship between equivalent SIPESs and eigenvaluesof Yeq in 5-infeed PES |
39 | Figure 15 – The 9-converter heterogeneous system with a IEEE 39-bus network topology Table 4 – Control parameters of converters |
40 | 5.3.3 Circuit aggregation method Figure 16 – The dominant eigenvalues and the damping ratios |
41 | Figure 17 – Nearby WPP connected to the same region in a power system |
42 | Figure 18 – Equivalent representation of multiple windfarmsconnecting to a power system with its Z matrix |
43 | Figure 19 – Equivalent circuit representation of two WPPs connectedto the same connection point-configuration 2 |
44 | Figure 20 – Four WPPs integrated into the system with weak connections Table 5 – Wind capacity and SCR values assuming no interaction |
45 | Figure 21 – Multiple WPPs connecting to the same HV busor HV buses in close proximity Figure 22 – Equivalent circuit representation of WPPs connecting to the same HV bus Figure 23 – Approximate equivalent representation assumed for CSCR method |
47 | 5.4 Summary Table 6 – The definition of different MISCRs |
48 | Table 7 – Comparison of SCR methods |
49 | 6 Steady state voltage stability issue for low short circuit ratio AC networks 6.1 Problem statements 6.2 Steady state stability analysis method 6.2.1 P-V curve Figure 24 – System topology Figure 25 – Typical P-V curve |
50 | 6.2.2 Q-V curve Figure 26 – System topology Figure 27 – Typical Q-V curve |
51 | 6.2.3 Voltage sensitivity analysis Figure 28 – Simplified equivalent circuit oflarge-scale wind power integration system |
53 | Figure 29 – Voltage sensitivity at PCC of large-scale wind power integration system |
54 | Figure 30 – Single generator connected to an infinite bus via grid impedance |
55 | Figure 31 – P-V curves for a typical generator in a weak grid |
56 | 6.2.4 Relation to short circuit ratio |
58 | 6.3 Control strategy for inverter-based resource 6.3.1 Active power and reactive power control |
60 | 6.3.2 Voltage control Figure 32 – Power limit curve of DFIG |
61 | 6.4 Case study 6.4.1 Steady state voltage stability problem – China Figure 33 – Voltage control block diagram of the doubly-fed wind turbine Figure 34 – Network structure of Baicheng grid |
62 | Figure 35 – Short circuit capacity of Baicheng network |
63 | Figure 36 – P-V curves and V-Q curves Table 8 – Wind farm’s maximum power under different conditions |
64 | 6.4.2 Low SCR interconnection experience – Vestas Figure 37 – Reactive power of the wind farm and voltage level at the PCC |
65 | 6.5 Summary Figure 38 – Schematic representation of the study system |
66 | 7 Transient issue for low short circuit ratio AC networks 7.1 Problem statement Figure 39 – Fault characteristics |
67 | 7.2 Transient characteristic modelling and analysis 7.2.1 Transient stability analysis tools and limitations |
68 | 7.2.2 Electromagnetic transient (EMT) type models Figure 40 – Comparison of VER fault response betweentransient stability and EMT models |
69 | 7.2.3 Transient stability analysis model requirements 7.3 Fault ride-through protection and control issue 7.3.1 General |
70 | 7.3.2 Hardware protection of inverter-based resource during fault |
71 | Figure 41 – Doubly-fed wind turbine rotor-side crowbar protection circuit topology |
73 | 7.3.3 Unbalancing-voltage ride-through issue |
74 | Figure 42 – Schematic diagram of positive and negative sequence currentcontrol of DFIG converter under grid unbalanced fault |
75 | 7.3.4 Overvoltage ride-through control strategy Figure 43 – Comparative analysis of simulation results |
76 | Figure 44 – Overvoltage ride-through control flow diagram |
77 | 7.3.5 Multiple fault ride-through Figure 45 – Multiple fault conditions |
78 | Figure 46 – Pitch angle control strategy |
79 | Figure 47 – Typical characteristics of Pm and Pe under multiple fault ride-through |
80 | 7.3.6 Under and over -voltage ride-through in time sequence Figure 48 – Characteristics of Pm and Pe under multiple fault ride-through Figure 49 – Under/overvoltage ride-through curve |
81 | 7.3.7 Active/reactive current support of inverter-based resource during fault |
82 | 7.4 Operating experiences 7.4.1 Operating experience – China Figure 50 – Circuit diagram in Jiuquan |
83 | 7.4.2 Operating experience Figure 51 – Analysis of wind power disconnection incident |
84 | Figure 52 – Demonstration of voltage regulation performanceduring variable power output conditions |
85 | 7.5 Summary 8 Oscillatory instability issue for low short circuit ratio AC networks 8.1 Problem statement Table 9 – New oscillation issues of power systems in the world |
87 | Figure 53 – Configuration of a system of multiple grid-tied VSIs |
88 | 8.2 Modelling and stability analysis 8.2.1 Analysis and modelling of the inverter in the time-domain 8.2.2 Analysis and modelling of the inverter in the frequency-domain |
89 | Figure 54 – Control schematic diagram and structure of inverter |
91 | Table 10 – Detailed influence frequency ranges of every loop |
92 | Figure 55 – Frequency coupling in different frequency range |
93 | Figure 56 – Negative resistor caused by PLL |
94 | Figure 57 – Negative resistor caused by DVC |
95 | 8.3 Mitigation of the oscillation issues by active damping control Figure 58 – Equivalent circuits of the LC-filter considering the virtual resistor Table 11 – Approximate distribution of high frequency negative damping range |
96 | 8.4 Cases study based on the benchmark model Figure 59 – Active damping control methods |
97 | Figure 60 – Impact of virtual resistance control on the stability |
98 | Table 12 – Typical cases of weak grid parameters |
99 | Figure 61 – Impact of line length on the stability |
100 | Figure 62 – Impact of PLL on the stability |
101 | 8.5 Summary Figure 63 – Impact of current control loop on the stability |
102 | 9 Conclusions |
103 | Bibliography |