AISI S100 16 2020 wS3 2022:2016 Edition

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AISI S100-16 (2020) wS3-22: North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members, 2016 Edition (Reaffirmed 2020) with Supplement 3, 2022 Edition

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AISI	2016

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
3	AISI S100-16(R2020)w/S3 DISCLAIMER
4	DEDICATION
6	PREFACE
54	TABLE OF CONTENTS
62	NORTH AMERICAN SPECIFICATION FOR THE DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED STEEL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS A. GENERAL PROVISIONS A1 Scope, Applicability, and Definitions A1.1 Scope A1.2 Applicability
63	A1.3 Definitions
70	A1.4 Units of Symbols and Terms A2 Referenced Specifications, Codes, and Standards
74	A2.1 Referenced Specifications, Codes, and Standards for the United States and Mexico A2.2 Referenced Specifications, Codes, and Standards for Canada A3 Material
75	A3.1 Applicable Steels A3.1.1 Steels With a Specified Minimum Elongation of Ten Percent or Greater (Elongation ( 10%)
77	A3.1.2 Steels With a Specified Minimum Elongation From Three Percent to Less Than Ten Percent (3% ( Elongation ( 10%)
78	A3.1.3 Steels With a Specified Minimum Elongation of Less Than Three Percent (Elongation ( 3%)
79	A3.2 Other Steels A3.2.1 Ductility Requirements of Other Steels
80	A3.2.1.1 Restrictions for Curtain Wall Studs A3.3 Yield Stress and Strength Increase From Cold Work of Forming A3.3.1 Yield Stress A3.3.2 Strength Increase From Cold Work of Forming
82	B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS B1 General Provisions B2 Loads and Load Combinations B3 Design Basis B3.1 Required Strength [Effect Due to Factored Loads]
83	B3.2 Design for Strength B3.2.1 Allowable Strength Design (ASD) Requirements B3.2.2 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Requirements B3.2.3 Limit States Design (LSD) Requirements
84	B3.3 Design for Structural Members B3.4 Design for Connections B3.4.1 Design for Anchorage to Concrete B3.5 Design for Stability B3.6 Design of Structural Assemblies and Systems B3.7 Design for Serviceability
85	B3.8 Design for Ponding B3.9 Design for Fatigue B3.10 Design for Corrosion Effects B4 Dimensional Limits and Considerations B4.1 Limitations for Use of the Effective Width Method or the Direct Strength Method
87	B4.2 Members Falling Outside the Applicability Limits B4.3 Shear Lag Effects—Short Spans Supporting Concentrated Loads
88	B5 Member Properties B6 Fabrication and Erection B7 Quality Control and Quality Assurance B7.1 Delivered Minimum Thickness B8 Evaluation of Existing Structures
89	C. DESIGN FOR STABILITY C1 Design for System Stability C1.1 Direct Analysis Method Using Rigorous Second-Order Elastic Analysis C1.1.1 Determination of Required Strengths C1.1.1.1 Analysis
90	C1.1.1.2 Consideration of Initial Imperfections
91	C1.1.1.3 Modification of Section Stiffness C1.1.2 Determination of Available Strengths [Factored Resistances]
92	C1.2 Direct Analysis Method Using Amplified First-Order Elastic Analysis C1.2.1 Determination of Required Strengths [Effects due to Factored Loads] C1.2.1.1 Analysis
94	C1.2.1.2 Consideration of Initial Imperfections C1.2.1.3 Modification of Section Stiffness C1.2.2 Determination of Available Strengths [Factored Resistances] C1.3 Effective Length Method
95	C1.3.1 Determination of Required Strengths [Effects of Factored Loads] C1.3.1.1 Analysis C1.3.1.2 Consideration of Initial Imperfections C1.3.2 Determination of Available Strengths [Factored Resistances]
96	C2 Member Bracing C2.1 Symmetrical Beams and Columns C2.2 Bracing of Beams C2.2.1 Neither Flange Connected to Sheathing That Contributes to the Strength and Stability of the C- or Z-Section
98	C2.2.2 Flange Connected to Sheathing That Contributes to the Strength and Stability of the C- or Z-Section C2.3 Bracing of Axially Loaded Compression Members C2.3.1 Translational Bracing of an Individual Concentrically Loaded Compression Member
99	C2.3.2 Translational Bracing of Multiple Parallel Concentrically Loaded Compression Members
101	D. MEMBERS IN TENSION D1 General Requirements D2 Yielding of Gross Section D3 Rupture of Net Section
102	E. MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION E1 General Requirements E2 Yielding and Global (Flexural, Flexural-Torsional, and Torsional) Buckling
103	E2.1 Reduction for Closed-Box Sections E3 Local Buckling Interacting With Yielding and Global Buckling E3.1 Effective Width Method
104	E3.2 Direct Strength Method E3.3 Cylindrical Tubes
105	E4 Distortional Buckling
107	F. MEMBERS IN FLEXURE F1 General Requirements F2 Yielding and Global (Lateral-Torsional) Buckling F2.1 Initiation of Yielding and Global Buckling Strength
108	F2.2 Inelastic Reserve Strength F2.2.1 Element-Based Method
109	F2.2.2 Direct Strength Method
110	F2.2.3 Cylindrical Tubes F3 Local Buckling Interacting With Yielding and Global Buckling F3.1 Effective Width Method
111	F3.1.1 Local Inelastic Reserve Strength F3.2 Direct Strength Method
112	F3.2.1 Local Inelastic Reserve Strength F3.3 Cylindrical Tubes
113	F4 Distortional Buckling
114	F4.1 Distortional Inelastic Reserve Strength
115	G. MEMBERS IN SHEAR, WEB CRIPPLING, AND TORSION G1 General Requirements G2 Shear Strength of Webs Without Holes G2.1 Flexural Members Without Transverse Web Stiffeners
116	G2.2 Flexural Members With Transverse Web Stiffeners
117	G2.3 Web Elastic Critical Shear Buckling Force, Vcr G3 Shear Strength of C-Section Webs With Holes
119	G4 Transverse Web Stiffeners G4.1 Conforming Transverse Web Stiffeners G4.2 Nonconforming Transverse Web Stiffeners
120	G5 Web Crippling Strength of Webs Without Holes
125	G6 Web Crippling Strength of C-Section Webs With Holes G7 Bearing Stiffeners G7.1 Compact Bearing Stiffeners
126	G7.2 Stud and Track Type Bearing Stiffeners in C-Section Flexural Members
127	G7.3 Other Stiffeners G8 Torsion Strength G8.1 Torsion Bimoment Strength
128	G8.2 Torsion Shear Strength
129	H. MEMBERS UNDER COMBINED FORCES H1 Combined Axial Load and Bending H1.1 Combined Tensile Axial Load and Bending
130	H1.2 Combined Compressive Axial Load and Bending H2 Combined Bending and Shear
131	H3 Combined Bending and Web Crippling
133	H4 Combined Bending and Torsion
134	I. ASSEMBLIES AND SYSTEMS I1 Built-Up Sections I1.1 Flexural Members Composed of Two Back-to-Back C-Sections
135	I1.2 Compression Members Composed of Multiple Cold-Formed Steel Members I1.2.1 General Requirements I1.2.2 Yielding and Global Buckling I1.2.2.1 Elastic Buckling – Prescriptive Requirements
136	I1.2.2.2 Elastic Buckling – Rational Analysis I1.2.3 Local Buckling Interacting With Yielding and Global Buckling I1.2.4 Distortional Buckling
137	I1.3 Spacing of Connections in Cover-Plated Sections I2 Floor, Roof, or Wall Steel Diaphragm Construction I3 Mixed Systems
138	I4 Cold-Formed Steel Light-Frame Construction I4.1 All-Steel Design of Wall Stud Assemblies I5 Special Bolted Moment Frame Systems I6 Metal Roof and Wall Systems I6.1 Member Strength: General Cross-Sections and System Connectivity I6.1.1 Compression Member Design
139	I6.1.1.1 Flexural, Torsional, or Flexural-Torsional Buckling I6.1.1.2 Local Buckling I6.1.1.3 Distortional Buckling I6.1.2 Flexural Member Design I6.1.2.1 Lateral-Torsional Buckling I6.1.2.2 Local Buckling I6.1.2.3 Distortional Buckling
140	I6.1.3 Member Design for Combined Bending and Torsion I6.2 Member Strength: Specific Cross-Sections and System Connectivity I6.2.1 Flexural Members Having One Flange Through-Fastened to Deck or Sheathing
141	I6.2.2 Flexural Members Having One Flange Fastened to a Standing Seam Roof System
142	I6.2.3 Compression Members Having One Flange Through-Fastened to Deck or Sheathing
143	I6.2.4 Z-Section Compression Members Having One Flange Fastened to a Standing Seam Roof I6.3 Standing Seam Roof Panel Systems I6.3.1 Strength of Standing Seam Roof Panel Systems
144	I6.4 Roof System Bracing and Anchorage I6.4.1 Anchorage of Bracing for Purlin Roof Systems Under Gravity Load With Top Flange Connected to Metal Sheathing
148	I6.4.2 Alternate Lateral and Stability Bracing for Purlin Roof Systems
149	I7 Storage Rack Systems
150	J. CONNECTIONS AND JOINTS J1 General Provisions J2 Welded Connections J2.1 Groove Welds in Butt Joints
151	J2.2 Arc Spot Welds
152	J2.2.1 Minimum Edge and End Distance
153	J2.2.2 Shear J2.2.2.1 Shear Strength for Sheet(s) Welded to a Thicker Supporting Member
154	J2.2.2.2 Shear Strength for Sheet-to-Sheet Connections
155	J2.2.3 Tension
156	J2.2.4 Combined Shear and Tension on an Arc Spot Weld
157	J2.3 Arc Seam Welds J2.3.1 Minimum Edge and End Distance
158	J2.3.2 Shear J2.3.2.1 Shear Strength for Sheet(s) Welded to a Thicker Supporting Member J2.3.2.2 Shear Strength for Sheet-to-Sheet Connections
159	J2.4 Top Arc Seam Sidelap Welds J2.4.1 Shear Strength of Top Arc Seam Sidelap Welds
161	J2.5 Arc Plug Welds J2.6 Fillet Welds
162	J2.7 Flare Groove Welds
165	J2.8 Resistance Welds
166	J3 Bolted Connections
168	J3.1 Minimum Spacing
169	J3.2 Minimum Edge and End Distances J3.3 Bearing J3.3.1 Bearing Strength Without Consideration of Bolt Hole Deformation
170	J3.3.2 Bearing Strength With Consideration of Bolt Hole Deformation
171	J3.4 Shear and Tension in Bolts J4 Screw Connections J4.1 Minimum Spacing J4.2 Minimum Edge and End Distances
172	J4.3 Shear J4.3.1 Single Shear Connection Strength Limited by Tilting and Bearing J4.3.2 Double Shear Connection Strength Limited by Bearing J4.3.3 Shear in Screws
173	J4.4 Tension J4.4.1 Pull-Out Strength J4.4.2 Pull-Over Strength
175	J4.4.3 Tension in Screws J4.5 Combined Shear and Tension J4.5.1 Combined Shear and Pull-Over
176	J4.5.2 Combined Shear and Pull-Out J4.5.3 Combined Shear and Tension in Screws
177	J5 Power-Actuated Fastener (PAF) Connections
179	J5.1 Minimum Spacing, Edge and End Distances J5.2 Power-Actuated Fasteners (PAFs) in Tension J5.2.1 Tension Strength of Power-Actuated Fasteners (PAFs) J5.2.2 Pull-Out Strength
180	J5.2.3 Pull-Over Strength J5.3 Power-Actuated Fasteners (PAFs) in Shear J5.3.1 Shear Strength of Power-Actuated Fasteners (PAFs) J5.3.2 Bearing and Tilting Strength
181	J5.3.3 Pull-Out Strength in Shear J5.3.4 Net Section Rupture Strength J5.3.5 Shear Strength Limited by Edge Distance
182	J5.4 Combined Shear and Tension J6 Rupture J6.1 Shear Rupture
183	J6.2 Tension Rupture
184	J6.3 Block Shear Rupture
185	J7 Connections to Other Materials J7.1 Strength of Connection to Other Materials J7.1.1 Bearing J7.1.2 Tension
186	J7.1.3 Shear
187	K. STRENGTH FOR SPECIAL CASES K1 Test Standards
188	K2 Tests for Special Cases K2.1 Tests for Determining Structural Performance K2.1.1 Load and Resistance Factor Design and Limit States Design
192	K2.1.2 Allowable Strength Design
193	K2.2 Tests for Confirming Structural Performance K2.3 Tests for Determining Mechanical Properties K2.3.1 Full Section K2.3.2 Flat Elements of Formed Sections
194	K2.3.3 Virgin Steel
195	L. DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY L1 Serviceability Determination for the Effective Width Method L2 Serviceability Determination for the Direct Strength Method L3 Flange Curling
196	M. DESIGN FOR FATIGUE M1 General
198	M2 Calculation of Maximum Stresses and Stress Ranges
199	M3 Design Stress Range M4 Bolts and Threaded Parts M5 Special Fabrication Requirements
202	APPENDIX 1, EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF ELEMENTS 1.1 Effective Width of Uniformly Compressed Stiffened Elements
203	1.1.1 Uniformly Compressed Stiffened Elements With Circular or Noncircular Holes
205	1.1.2 Webs and Other Stiffened Elements Under Stress Gradient
207	1.1.3 C-Section Webs With Holes Under Stress Gradient 1.1.4 Uniformly Compressed Elements Restrained by Intermittent Connections
210	1.2 Effective Width of Unstiffened Elements 1.2.1 Uniformly Compressed Unstiffened Elements 1.2.2 Unstiffened Elements and Edge Stiffeners With Stress Gradient
213	1.3 Effective Width of Uniformly Compressed Elements With a Simple Lip Edge Stiffener
215	1.4 Effective Width of Stiffened Elements With Single or Multiple Intermediate Stiffeners or Edge-Stiffened Elements With Intermediate Stiffener(s) 1.4.1 Effective Width of Uniformly Compressed Stiffened Elements With Single or Multiple Intermediate Stiffeners
216	1.4.1.1 Specific Case: Single or n Identical Stiffeners, Equally Spaced
217	1.4.1.2 General Case: Arbitrary Stiffener Size, Location, and Number
218	1.4.2 Edge-Stiffened Elements With Intermediate Stiffener(s)
220	APPENDIX 2, ELASTIC BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF MEMBERS 2.1 General Provisions
221	2.2 Numerical Solutions 2.3 Analytical Solutions
222	2.3.1 Global Buckling
224	2.3.1.1 Global Buckling for Compression Members (Fcre, Pcre) 2.3.1.1.1 Sections Not Subject to Torsional or Flexural-Torsional Buckling 2.3.1.1.2 Singly-Symmetric Sections Subject to Flexural-Torsional Buckling
225	2.3.1.1.3 Doubly- or Point-Symmetric Sections Subject to Torsional Buckling 2.3.1.1.4 Non-Symmetric Sections
226	2.3.1.2 Global Buckling for Flexural Members (Fcre, Mcre) 2.3.1.2.1 Sections Bending About Symmetric Axis 2.3.1.2.2 Sections Bending About Non-Symmetric Principal Axis
227	2.3.1.2.3 Point-Symmetric Sections 2.3.1.2.4 Closed-Box Section 2.3.2 Local Buckling 2.3.2.1 Local Buckling for Compression Members (Fcr, Pcr)
228	2.3.2.2 Local Buckling for Flexural Members (Fcr, Mcr)
230	2.3.3 Distortional Buckling 2.3.3.1 Distortional Buckling for Compression Members (Fcrd, Pcrd)
231	2.3.3.2 Distortional Buckling for Flexural Members (Fcrd, Mcrd)
234	2.3.3.3 Distortional Buckling for Members With Holes
235	2.3.4 Shear Buckling (Vcr)
238	APPENDIX A, PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO I6.2.2 Flexural Members Having One Flange Fastened to a Standing Seam Roof System I6.2.4 Z-Section Compression Members Having One Flange Fastened to a Standing Seam Roof
239	I6.3.1a Strength of Standing Seam Roof Panel Systems
240	J2a Welded Connections J3.4 Shear and Tension in Bolts
246	APPENDIX B, PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO CANADA C2a Lateral and Stability Bracing C2.1 Symmetrical Beams and Columns C2.1.1 Discrete Bracing for Beams C2.1.2 Bracing by Deck, Slab, or Sheathing for Beams and Columns C2.2a C-Section and Z-Section Beams
247	C2.2.2 Discrete Bracing C2.2.3 One Flange Braced by Deck, Slab, or Sheathing C2.2.4 Both Flanges Braced by Deck, Slab, or Sheathing I2 Floor, Roof, or Wall Steel Diaphragm Construction I4 Cold-Formed Steel Light-Frame Construction I6a Metal Roof and Wall Systems I6.2.2 Flexural Members Having One Flange Fastened to a Standing Seam Roof System J2a Welded Connections
248	J3.4 Shear and Tension in Bolts
250	K2.1.1a Load and Resistance Factor Design and Limit States Design
252	DISCLAIMER
253	PREFACE
255	TABLE OF CONTENTSCOMMENTARY ON THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIFICATION FOR THE DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED STEEL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
263	COMMENTARY ON THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIFICATION FOR THE DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED STEEL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS INTRODUCTION
265	A. GENERAL PROVISIONS A1 Scope, Applicability, and Definitions A1.1 Scope A1.2 Applicability
266	A1.3 Definitions
271	A1.4 Units of Symbols and Terms A2 Referenced Specifications, Codes, and Standards
272	A3 Material A3.1 Applicable Steels
273	A3.1.1 Steels With a Specified Minimum Elongation of Ten Percent or Greater (Elongation ( 10%) A3.1.2 Steels With a Specified Minimum Elongation From Three Percent to Less Than Ten Percent (3% ( Elongation < 10%)
274	A3.1.3 Steels With a Specified Minimum Elongation of Less Than Three Percent (Elongation < 3%)
275	A3.2 Other Steels
276	A3.2.1 Ductility Requirements of Other Steels
277	A3.2.1.1 Restrictions for Curtain Wall Studs A3.3 Yield Stress and Strength Increase From Cold Work of Forming A3.3.1 Yield Stress
279	A3.3.2 Strength Increase From Cold Work of Forming
283	B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS B1 General Provisions B2 Loads and Load Combinations B3 Design Basis
284	B3.1 Required Strength [Effect Due to Factored Loads] B3.2 Design for Strength B3.2.1 Allowable Strength Design (ASD) Requirements B3.2.2 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Requirements
290	B3.2.3 Limit States Design (LSD) Requirements
291	B3.3 Design of Structural Members
292	B3.4 Design of Connections B3.5 Design for Stability B3.6 Design of Structural Assemblies and Systems B3.7 Design for Serviceability
293	B3.8 Design for Ponding B3.9 Design for Fatigue B3.10 Design for Corrosion Effects
294	B4 Dimensional Limits and Considerations B4.1 Limitations for Use of the Effective Width Method or Direct Strength Method
295	B4.2 Members Falling Outside the Application Limits
296	B4.3 Shear Lag Effects — Short Spans Supporting Concentrated Loads
297	B5 Member Properties
298	B6 Fabrication and Erection B7 Quality Control and Quality Assurance B7.1 Delivered Minimum Thickness B8 Evaluation of Existing Structures
299	C. DESIGN FOR STABILITY C1 Design for System Stability
302	C1.1 Direct Analysis Method Using Rigorous Second-Order Elastic Analysis
305	C1.2 Direct Analysis Method Using Amplified First-Order Elastic Analysis
306	C1.3 Effective Length Method
307	C2 Member Bracing
308	C2.1 Symmetrical Beams and Columns C2.2 Bracing of Beams C2.2.1 Neither Flange Connected to Sheathing That Contributes to the Strength and Stability of the Section
315	C2.2.2 Flange Connected to Sheathing That Contributes to the Strength and Stability of the C- or Z-Section C2.3 Bracing of Axially Loaded Compression Members C2.3.1 Translational Bracing of an Individual Concentrically Loaded Compression Member
318	C2.3.2 Translational Bracing of Multiple Parallel Concentrically Loaded Compression Members
321	D. MEMBERS IN TENSION D2 Yielding of Gross Section D3 Rupture of Net Section
322	E. MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION E1 General Requirements
324	E2 Yielding and Global (Flexural, Flexural-Torsional and Torsional) Buckling
329	E2.1 Reduction for Closed-Box Section E3 Local Buckling Interacting With Yielding and Global Buckling
330	E3.1 Effective Width Method
331	E3.2 Direct Strength Method
333	E3.3 Cylindrical Tubes
335	E4 Distortional Buckling
339	F. MEMBERS IN FLEXURE F1 General Requirements
342	F2 Yielding and Global (Lateral-Torsional) Buckling F2.1 Initiation of Yielding and Global Buckling Strength
343	F2.2 Inelastic Reserve Strength F2.2.1 Element-Based Method
344	F2.2.2 Direct Strength Method F2.2.3 Cylindrical Tubes
345	F3 Local Buckling Interacting With Yielding and Global Buckling F3.1 Effective Width Method
347	F3.1.1 Local Inelastic Reserve Strength F3.2 Direct Strength Method F3.2.1 Local Inelastic Reserve Strength
348	F3.3 Cylindrical Tubes
349	F4 Distortional Buckling
351	F4.1 Distortional Inelastic Reserve Strength
353	G. MEMBERS IN SHEAR, WEB CRIPPLING, AND TORSION G1 General Requirements G2 Shear Strength [Resistance] of Webs Without Holes G2.1 Flexural Members Without Transverse Web Stiffeners
354	G2.2 Flexural Members With Transverse Web Stiffeners G2.3 Web Elastic Critical Shear Buckling Force, Vcr G3 Shear Strength of C-Section Webs With Holes
356	G4 Transverse Web Stiffeners G4.1 Conforming Transverse Web Stiffeners G4.2 Nonconforming Transverse Web Stiffeners G5 Web Crippling Strength of Webs Without Holes
362	G6 Web Crippling Strength of C-Section Webs With Holes
363	G7 Bearing Stiffeners G7.1 Compact Bearing Stiffeners G7.2 Stud and Track Type Bearing Stiffeners in C-Section Flexural Members G7.3 Other Stiffeners
364	G8 Torsion Strength G8.1 Torsion Bimoment Strength G8.2 Torsion Shear Strength
365	H. MEMBERS UNDER COMBINED FORCES H1 Combined Axial Load and Bending H1.1 Combined Tensile Axial Load and Bending H1.2 Combined Compressive Axial Load and Bending
367	H2 Combined Bending and Shear
369	H3 Combined Bending and Web Crippling
370	H4 Combined Bending and Torsional Loading
372	I. ASSEMBLIES AND SYSTEMS I1 Built-Up Sections I1.1 Flexural Members Composed of Two Back-to-Back C-Sections
373	I1.2 Compression Members Composed of Multiple Cold-Formed Steel Members I1.2.1 General Requirements
374	I1.2.2 Yielding and Global Buckling
376	I1.2.3 Local Buckling Interacting With Yielding and Global Buckling I1.2.4 Distortional Buckling I1.3 Spacing of Connections in Cover-Plated Sections
377	I2 Floor, Roof, or Wall Steel Diaphragm Construction I3 Mixed Systems I4 Cold-Formed Steel Light-Frame Construction
378	I4.1 All-Steel Design of Wall Stud Assemblies
379	I5 Special Bolted Moment Frame Systems
380	I6 Metal Roof and Wall Systems I6.1 Member Strength: General Cross-Sections and System Connectivity
381	I6.2 Member Strength: Specific Cross-Sections and System Connectivity I6.2.1 Flexural Members Having One Flange Through-Fastened to Deck or Sheathing
382	I6.2.2 Flexural Members Having One Flange Fastened to a Standing Seam Roof System I6.2.3 Compression Members Having One Flange Through-Fastened to Deck or Sheathing
383	I6.2.4 Z-Section Compression Members Having One Flange Fastened to a Standing Seam Roof I6.3 Standing Seam Roof Panel Systems I6.3.1 Strength [Resistance] of Standing Seam Roof Panel Systems
384	I6.4 Roof System Bracing and Anchorage I6.4.1 Anchorage of Bracing for Purlin Roof Systems Under Gravity Load With Top Flange Connected to Metal Sheathing
386	I6.4.2 Alternative Lateral and Stability Bracing for Purlin Roof Systems I7 Storage Rack Systems
387	J. CONNECTIONS AND JOINTS J1 General Provisions J2 Welded Connections
388	J2.1 Groove Welds in Butt Joints J2.2 Arc Spot Welds
389	J2.2.1 Minimum Edge and End Distance J2.2.2 Shear J2.2.2.1 Shear Strength for Sheet(s) Welded to a Thicker Supporting Member
390	J2.2.2.2 Shear Strength for Sheet-to-Sheet Connections
391	J2.2.3 Tension
392	J2.2.4 Combined Shear and Tension on an Arc Spot Weld J2.3 Arc Seam Welds J2.3.2 Shear J2.3.2.1 Shear Strength for Sheet(s) Welded to a Thicker Supporting Member J2.3.2.2 Shear Strength for Sheet-to-Sheet Connections J2.4 Top Arc Seam Sidelap Welds
393	J2.4.1 Shear Strength of Top Arc Seam Sidelap Welds
394	J2.5 Arc Plug Welds J2.6 Fillet Welds
395	J2.7 Flare Groove Welds J2.8 Resistance Welds
396	J3 Bolted Connections
398	J3.3 Bearing
399	J3.3.1 Bearing Strength Without Consideration of Bolt Hole Deformation J3.3.2 Bearing Strength With Consideration of Bolt Hole Deformation J3.4 Shear and Tension in Bolts J4 Screw Connections
401	J4.1 Minimum Spacing J4.2 Minimum Edge and End Distances J4.3 Shear J4.3.1 Single Shear Connection Strength [Resistance] Limited by Tilting and Bearing
402	J4.3.2 Double Shear Connection Strength Limited by Bearing
403	J4.3.3 Shear in Screws J4.4 Tension J4.4.1 Pull-Out Strength J4.4.2 Pull-Over Strength
404	J4.4.3 Tension in Screws J4.5 Combined Shear and Tension J4.5.1 Combined Shear and Pull-Over
405	J4.5.2 Combined Shear and Pull-Out J4.5.3 Combined Shear and Tension in Screws
406	J5 Power-Actuated Fastener (PAF) Connections J5.1 Minimum Spacing, Edge and End Distances J5.2 Power-Actuated Fasteners (PAFs) in Tension J5.2.1 Tension Strength of Power-Actuated Fasteners (PAFs)
407	J5.2.2 Pull-Out Strength
408	J5.2.3 Pull-Over Strength J5.3 Power-Actuated Fasteners (PAFs) in Shear J5.3.1 Shear Strength of Power-Actuated Fasteners (PAFs) J5.3.2 Bearing and Tilting Strength
409	J5.3.3 Pull-Out Strength in Shear J5.3.4 Net Section Rupture Strength J5.3.5 Shear Strength Limited by Edge Distance J5.4 Combined Shear and Tension
410	J6 Rupture
415	J7 Connections to Other Materials
416	J7.1 Connection Strength to Other Materials
417	J7.1.1 Bearing J7.1.2 Tension J7.1.3 Shear
418	K. RATIONAL ENGINEERING ANALYSIS AND TESTING K1 Test Standards K2 Tests for Special Cases K2.1 Tests for Determining Structural Performance K2.1.1 Load and Resistance Factor Design and Limit States Design
421	K2.1.2 Allowable Strength Design K2.2 Tests for Confirming Structural Performance
422	K2.3 Tests for Determining Mechanical Properties K2.3.1 Full Section K2.3.2 Flat Elements of Formed Sections K2.3.3 Virgin Steel
423	L. DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY (Ieff) L1 Serviceability Determination for Effective Width Method L2 Serviceability Determination for Direct Strength Method L3 Flange Curling
424	M. DESIGN FOR FATIGUE
427	APPENDIX 1, EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF ELEMENTS
431	1.1 Effective Width of Uniformly Compressed Stiffened Elements
433	1.1.1 Uniformly Compressed Stiffened Elements With Circular or Noncircular Holes 1.1.2 Webs and Other Stiffened Elements Under Stress Gradient
434	1.1.3 C-Section Webs With Holes Under Stress Gradient
436	1.1.4 Uniformly Compressed Elements Restrained by Intermittent Connections
437	1.2 Effective Widths of Unstiffened Elements
439	1.2.1 Uniformly Compressed Unstiffened Elements 1.2.2 Unstiffened Elements and Edge Stiffeners With Stress Gradient
441	1.3 Effective Width of Uniformly Compressed Elements With a Simple Lip Edge Stiffener
442	1.4 Effective Widths of Stiffened Elements With Single or Multiple Intermediate Stiffeners or Edge-Stiffened Elements With Intermediate Stiffener(s) 1.4.1 Effective Width of Uniformly Compressed Stiffened Elements With Single or Multiple Intermediate Stiffeners
444	1.4.2 Edge-Stiffened Elements With Intermediate Stiffener(s)
447	APPENDIX 2, ELASTIC BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF MEMBERS 2.1 General Provisions 2.2 Numerical Solutions 2.2.1 Elastic Buckling of Cold-Formed Steel Members
449	2.2.2 Summary of Available Numerical Solution Methods
456	2.2.3 Numerical Solutions – Identifying Buckling Modes
458	2.2.4 Numerical Solutions – End Boundary Conditions
459	2.2.5 Numerical Solutions – Shear Buckling
460	2.2.6 Numerical Solutions – Members With Holes
464	2.2.7 Numerical Solutions – Bracing, Sheathing Bracing, and Attachments
466	2.2.8 Numerical Solutions – Moment Gradient or Stress Gradient 2.2.9 Numerical Solutions—Members With Variation Along Length 2.2.10 Numerical Solutions – Built-Up Sections and Assemblages
467	2.3 Analytical Solutions 2.3.1 Global Buckling
469	2.3.1.1 Global Buckling for Compression Members (Fcre, Pcre)
473	2.3.1.1.1 Sections Not Subject to Torsional or Flexural-Torsional Buckling 2.3.1.1.2 Singly-Symmetric Sections Subject to Flexural-Torsional Buckling
475	2.3.1.1.3 Doubly- or Point-Symmetric Sections Subject to Torsional Buckling
476	2.3.1.1.4 Non-Symmetric Sections
478	2.3.1.2 Global Buckling for Flexural Members (Fcre, Mcre)
482	2.3.1.2.1 Sections Bending About Symmetric Axis 2.3.1.2.2 Sections Bending About Non-Symmetric Principal Axis 2.3.1.2.3 Point-Symmetric Sections 2.3.1.2.4 Closed-Box Sections
483	2.3.2 Local Buckling 2.3.2.1 Local Buckling for Compression Members (Fcr, Pcr)
484	2.3.2.2 Local Buckling for Flexural Members (Fcr, Mcr)
485	2.3.3 Distortional Buckling 2.3.3.1 Distortional Buckling for Compression Members (Fcrd, Pcrd)
486	2.3.3.2 Distortional Buckling for Flexural Members (Fcrd, Mcrd)
489	2.3.3.3 Distortional Buckling for Members With Holes 2.3.4 Shear Buckling (Vcr)
493	APPENDIX A, COMMENTARY ON PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO I6.2.2 Flexural Members Having One Flange Fastened to a Standing Seam Roof System I6.2.4 Z-Section Compression Members Having One Flange Fastened to a Standing Seam Roof
494	I6.3.1a Strength of Standing Seam Roof Panel Systems
495	J3.4 Shear and Tension in Bolts
499	APPENDIX B, COMMENTARY ON PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO CANADA C2a Lateral and Stability Bracing C2.1a Symmetrical Beams and Columns C2.1.1 Discrete Bracing for Beams C2.2a C-Section and Z-Section Beams C2.2.2 Discrete Bracing
500	C2.2.3 One Flange Braced by Deck, Slab, or Sheathing
501	REFERENCES

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Standard Title	AISI S100-16 (2020) wS3-22: North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members, 2016 Edition (Reaffirmed 2020) with Supplement 3, 2022 Edition
Published Code	AISI
Publication Date	2016

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