ASTM-D276 2008

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D276-00a(2008) Standard Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASTM	2008	14

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Categories: 59.060.01 - Textile fibres in general, ASTM

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Description

ASTM D276-00a-Reapproved2008

Historical Standard: Standard Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles

ASTM D276

Scope

1.1 These test methods cover the identification of the following textile fibers used commercially in the United States:

1.2 Man-made fibers are listed in 1.1 under the generic names approved by the Federal Trade Commission and listed in Terminology D 123, Annex A1 (except for fluorocarbon and polycarbonate). Many of the generic classes of man-made fibers are produced by several manufacturers and sold under various trademark names as follows (Note 1):

Note 1—The list of trademarks in 1.2 does not include all brands produced in the United States or abroad and imported for sale in the United States. The list does not include examples of fibers from two (or more) generic classes of polymers spun into a single filament. Additional information on fiber types and trademarks is given in References (1, 2, and 3).

1.3 Most manufacturers offer a variety of fiber types of a specific generic class. Differences in tenacity, linear density, bulkiness, or the presence of inert delustrants normally do not interfere with analytic tests, but chemical modifications (for such purposes as increased dyeability with certain dyestuffs) may affect the infrared spectra and some of the physical properties, particularly the melting point. Many generic classes of fibers are sold with a variety of cross-section shapes designed for specific purposes. These differences will be evident upon microscopical examination of the fiber and may interfere with the measurements of refractive indices and birefringence.

1.4 Microscopical examination is indispensable for positive identification of the several types of cellulosic and animal fibers, because the infrared spectra and solubilities will not distinguish between species. Procedures for microscopic identification are published in AATCC Method 20 and in References (4-12).

1.5 Analyses by infrared spectroscopy and solubility relationships are the preferred methods for identifying man-made fibers. The analysis scheme based on solubility is very reliable. The infrared technique is a useful adjunct to the solubility test method. The other methods, especially microscopical examination are generally not suitable for positive identification of most man-made fibers and are useful primarily to support solubility and infrared spectra identifications.

1.6 This includes the following sections:

1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Note 3.

9.1 As previously mentioned this test method is useful for identification of various cellulosic and animal fibers and to distinguish man-made fibers form the cellulosic and animal fibers. Examine and observe the fiber characteristics as directed in the AATCC test method 20.

11.1 This test method covers the identification of fibers by determining their solubility or insolubility in various reagents and comparing these data to the known solubilities of the several generic classes of fibers. Other techniques (such as, microscopical examination or comparison of physical properties) are used to confirm the identification or to distinguish between those fiber classes (anidex, aramid, asbestos, fluorocarbon, glass, and novoloid) which are not dissolved by any of the reagents used in this scheme.

17.1 This test method covers identification of fibers by interpretation of an absorption spectrum from infrared spectrophotometric analysis of the homogenous specimen obtained by one of three techniques: potassium bromide (KBr) disk, film, or internal reflection spectroscopy.

Note 5—The internal reflection spectroscopy technique is more difficult to use satisfactorily than the KBr disk or film techniques and it is not recommended for use except by an operator experienced in the technique.

24.1 Fiber density is measured by density-gradient column method. Determine density by the density-gradient column, pycnometer, and a technique based on Archimedes’ principle as directed in the AATCC Test Method 20.

28.1 This test method allows determining the temperature at which the material begins to lose its shape or form and becomes molten or liquefies. Allowing material to reach its melting point results in permanent fiber change.

34.1 Refractive indices and birefringence are measured by Difference of Refractive Indices test method. Determine the refractive indices for plane-polarized light parallel to and perpendicular to the fiber length within 0.001, in accordance with AATCC Test Method 20.

34.2 Calculate the birefringence using Eq:

Keywords

Animal fibers; Animal hair; Archimedes method; Bast and leaf fibers/products; Birefringence; Cotton fabrics/fibers; Fiber analysis–textiles; Fiber density; Fisher-Johns apparatus; Identification; Infrared (IR) analysis; Infrared spectroscopy; Man-made textile fibers; Melting point; Microscopic examination–textiles; Refractive index; Silk; Solubility; Textile fibers; Textile fibers–bast and leaf; Wool and wool top

ICS Code

ICS Number Code 59.060.01 (Textile fibres in general)

DOI: 10.1520/D0276-00AR08

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	Scope
2	Referenced Documents Terminology
3	Summary of Test Method Significance and Use Sampling, Selection, Preparation, and Number of Specimens Reference Standards Purity of Reagents
4	Scope FIG. 1
5	Precision and Bias Scope Interferences Reagents FIG. 2
6	Procedure Report TABLE 1
7	Precision and Bias Scope Apparatus, Reagents, and Materials Preparation of Specimens Procedure Interpretation of Results Report TABLE 2 FIG. 3
8	Precision and Bias Scope Pycnometer Method Method Based on Archimedes’ Principle FIG. 4 FIG. 5
9	Precision and Bias FIG. 6 FIG. 7 FIG. 8 FIG. 9 FIG. 10 FIG. 11 FIG. 12
10	Scope FIG. 13 FIG. 14 TABLE 15 FIG. 15 FIG. 16
11	Apparatus, Reagents, and Materials Calibration Procedure FIG. 17 FIG. 18 FIG. 19
12	Report FIG. 20 FIG. 21 FIG. 22 FIG. 23 FIG. 24 FIG. 25
13	Precision and Bias Scope Precision and Bias FIG. 26
14	REFERENCES

Additional information

ε	=
Acetate (secondary)	Nylon
Triacetate	Arnel®
Referenced Documents	2
Acetate	Acele®, Aviscon®, Celanese®, Chromspun®, Estron®
Anidex	Anim/8®
Olefin	Durel®, Herculon®, Marvess®, Polycrest®
Summary of Test Methods	4
Scope	1
Hemp	Triacetate
(Nylon) (other)	Rilsan®(nylon 11), Qiana®, StanylEnka®,(Nylon 4,6)
Novoloid	Kynol®
Polyamide
Sampling, Selection, Preparation and Number of Specimens	6
Infrared Spectroscopy, Fiber Identification by	17-23
Flax	Saran
Cuprammonium	Bemberg®
Acrylic	Acrilan®, Courtelle®, Creslan®, Dralon®, Orlon®, Zefran®
Jute	Vinal
Modacrylic	Dynel®, Kanecaron®, Monsanto SEF®, Verel®
Polyester	Avlin®, Beaunit®, Blue C®, Dacron®, Encron®, Fortrel®, Kodel®, Quintess®, Spectran®, Trevira®, Vyoron®, Zephran®, Diolen®, Vectran®
Microscopical Examination, Fiber Identification by	9,10
Spandex	Glospun®, Lycra®, Numa®, Unel®
Nytril	Darvan®
Solubility Relationships, Fiber Identification Using	11-16
Cotton	Ramie
Terminology	3
Aramid	Arenka®, Conex®, Kevlar®, Nomex®, Twaron®
Glass	Fiberglas®, Garan®, Modiglass®, PPG®, Ultrastrand®
Birefringence by difference of refractive indices	34, 35
Cuprammonium rayon	Rayon (viscose)
ω	=
Fluorocarbon	Teflon®
Density	24-27
Saran	Enjay®, Saran®
Reference Standards	7
Melting Point	28-33
(Nylon) 6, 6	Antron®, Blue C®, Cantrece®, Celanese Phillips®, Enka®Nylon
Significant and Use	5
Rayon	Avril®, Avisco®, Dynacor®, Enka®, Fiber 700®, Fibro®, Nupron®, Rayflex®, Suprenka®, Tyrex®, Tyron®, Cordenka®
Lyocell	Tencel®
Δn	=
Lycocell	Vinyon
(Nylon) 6	Caprolan®,Enka®, Perlon®, Zefran®, Enkalon®
ICS Codes	59.060.01 - Textile fibres in general
Vinyon	Avisco®, Clevyl®, Rhovyl®, Thermovyl®, Volpex®
Asbestos	Polyester