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BS EN 1473:2021

BS EN 1473:2021

$215.11

Installation and equipment for liquefied natural gas. Design of onshore installations

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2021 142
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This document gives guidelines for the design, construction and operation of all onshore liquefied natural gas (LNG) installations for the liquefaction, storage, vaporization, transfer and handling of LNG and natural gas (NG).

This document is applicable for plants with an LNG storage capacity above 200 t.

The designated boundary limits are LNG inlet/outlet by the ship’s manifold including vapour return connection, the truck loading/unloading connection including vapour return, the rail car loading/unloading connection including vapour return and the natural gas in and outlet boundary by piping systems.

Terminals or plant types have one or more boundary limits as described in this scope (see Figure 1).

A short description of each of these installations is given in Annex G.

Feed gas for LNG liquefaction installations (plant) can be from gas field, associated gas from oil field, piped gas from transportation grid or from renewables.

Floating solutions (for example FPSO, FSRU, SRV), whether off-shore or near-shore, are not covered by this document even if some concepts, principles or recommendations could be applied. However, in case of berthed FSRU with LNG transfer across the jetty, the following recommendations apply for the jetty and topside facilities.

In case of solutions using floating storage unit (FSU) and land-based re-gasification solution, the on-shore part is covered by these standard recommendations.

Plants with a storage inventory from 5 t up to 200 t are covered by [5].

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
8 1 Scope
9 2 Normative references
13 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
19 3.2 Abbreviations
20 4 Quality management system
5 Site assessment
5.1 General and plant description
5.2 Geotechnical
5.2.1 Characteristics of the soil
22 5.2.2 Marine geotechnical characteristics for jetty design and marine access
5.2.3 Harbour dredging
5.3 Meteorological and Oceanographic
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Met-ocean data effects
5.3.3 Air temperatures and humidity effects
5.3.4 Lightning effects
5.3.5 Wind and barometric data effects
23 5.3.6 Precipitation data effects
5.3.7 Climate change
5.4 Environmental
5.4.1 Environmental impact assessment
24 5.4.2 Plant emissions/emission control
5.4.3 Flare/venting philosophy
5.4.4 Noise control
5.4.5 Biological environment
25 5.5 Surroundings
5.5.1 External traffic routes
5.5.2 Surrounding infrastructures
5.5.3 Nautical and environmental
5.5.4 Underground utilities
5.6 Seismic
5.6.1 General
26 5.6.2 Tsunamis
5.7 Hydrology
5.7.1 Drainage effects
5.7.2 Aquifers, erosion and ground water impact study
5.8 Social
5.8.1 Community health, safety and security
5.8.2 Population settlements
27 5.8.3 Other subjects
6 Risk management
6.1 General
28 6.2 Hazard and risk assessment methodologies
6.2.1 General
30 6.2.2 Risk matrix
6.2.3 Hazard Identification Study (HAZID)
6.2.4 Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA)
6.2.5 Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP)
31 6.2.6 Event Tree Method (ETM)
6.2.7 Fault Tree Method (FTM)
6.2.8 Bow-tie analysis (BTA)
32 6.2.9 Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA)
6.2.10 Safety Integrity Level (SIL) analysis
6.2.11 Quantified Risk Assessment(QRA)
6.2.12 Fire and Explosion Risk Analysis (FERA)
33 6.3 Scenario identification
6.3.1 Identification of risk sources and causes of external origin
6.3.2 Identification of scenarios arising from LNG
34 6.3.3 Identification of other hazards and scenario causes of internal origin
6.4 Consequence and impact assessment
6.4.1 General
35 6.4.2 Gas cloud dispersion
6.4.2.1 General
6.4.2.2 LNG release
6.4.2.3 Flashed gas and aerosols from LNG jet release
6.4.2.4 Dispersion of LNG vapours and natural gas from jet release
36 6.4.2.5 Rainout and pool formation
6.4.2.6 Pool evaporation
37 6.4.3 Fire
6.4.4 Explosion
6.4.5 Pooling
38 6.4.6 Safety distances
6.5 Estimation of frequencies and probabilities
6.6 Safety improvement
39 6.7 Reviews
6.8 Safety during operation
6.8.1 Operational procedures
6.8.2 Maintenance procedures
6.8.3 Training
40 6.8.4 Emergency response
7 Design
7.1 General
41 7.2 Civil structures
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Area drainage and spill control
7.2.2.1 Prevention of LNG Leak and detection
7.2.2.2 Impounding basin purpose and location
7.2.2.3 Capacity of the impounding basin
42 7.2.2.4 Design of the impounding basin
7.2.2.5 LNG draining and water removal
43 7.2.3 Crash barriers
7.2.4 Fire protection
7.2.4.1 General
7.2.4.2 Fire protection systems
44 7.2.4.3 Active protection definition
7.2.4.4 Fire water system
45 7.2.4.5 Spraying system
7.2.4.6 Water curtains
46 7.2.4.7 Foam generation
7.2.4.8 Portable foam equipment
47 7.2.4.9 LNG fire extinguishing with dry powder
7.2.4.10 Extinguishing of ignited gas releases
48 7.2.4.11 Portable/mobile fire extinguishers
7.2.4.12 Firefighting vehicle
7.2.4.13 Fire cabinets/hoses boxes
7.2.5 Insulation
50 7.2.6 Lay-out requirements
52 7.2.7 Seismic
7.2.8 Geotechnical
7.2.9 Foundation design
54 7.2.10 Pipe ducts or confinement
7.2.11 Pipe racks
7.2.12 Fence and plant access
55 7.3 Electrical
7.3.1 ATEX classification
7.3.2 IP classification
7.3.3 Lightning
7.3.4 Illumination
56 7.3.5 Hazardous area classification
7.3.6 Grounding/earthing
7.3.7 High voltage systems/main power supply
57 7.3.8 Low voltage systems
7.3.9 Emergency power supply (EPS)
7.3.10 Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
58 7.4 Mechanical and piping design/material selection
7.4.1 Materials
59 7.4.2 Corrosion
7.4.3 Painting and coating
7.4.4 Cathodic protection
7.4.5 Galvanized structures
7.4.6 Piping systems and valves
61 7.4.7 Isolation valves/ESD valves
62 7.4.8 Pipe stress
63 7.4.9 Drain and vent design
7.4.10 Surge
7.4.11 Safe isolation
64 7.4.12 Pressure relief devices
65 7.4.13 Embrittlement
7.4.14 Welding and joint connections
66 7.4.15 Testing and inspection
67 7.4.16 Commissioning and start-up
68 7.4.17 Decommissioning
7.5 Process automation and controls
7.5.1 Process control system (PCS) and safety instrumented system (SIS)
7.5.1.1 General
69 7.5.1.2 Process Control System (PCS)
7.5.1.3 Safety Instrumented System (SIS)
70 7.5.2 Emergency Shut Down (ESD)
71 7.5.3 Field instruments and valves
72 7.5.4 Fire, spill and gas detection system
7.5.5 Earthquake detection
7.5.6 Human-Machine Interface (HMI)
73 7.5.7 Alarm management
7.5.8 Telecommunication and CCTV requirements
74 7.5.9 Warning lights
7.6 Process technical safety
7.6.1 Overfill protection
7.6.2 Overpressure protection
7.6.2.1 Overpressure protection for storage tanks
7.6.2.2 Overpressure protection for other equipment
75 7.6.3 Vacuum protection for storage tanks
7.6.4 Leakage
7.6.5 Roll-over
76 7.6.6 Low temperature protection
7.6.7 Liquid carryover
7.6.8 Emergency depressurization
77 7.7 Marine transfer systems
7.7.1 General
7.7.2 LNG marine transfer systems
7.7.3 Jetty design
78 7.7.4 Jetty and marine monitoring and control
7.7.5 Jetty safety and security
7.7.5.1 Safety
7.7.5.2 Security
7.7.6 Unmanned transfer stations
79 7.8 Storage unit
7.8.1 General
7.8.2 Normal conditions
7.8.3 Abnormal conditions
80 7.8.4 Storage concepts
7.8.4.1 General
7.8.4.2 Single containment
81 7.8.4.3 Double containment
7.8.4.4 Full containment
7.8.5 Performance of low pressure tanks
7.8.5.1 Gradual leakage events
7.8.5.2 Sudden leakage events
7.8.5.3 External loads resistance
7.8.5.4 Pool fire
82 7.8.6 Performance of pressurized tanks
7.8.6.1 Gradual leakage events
7.8.6.2 Sudden leakage events
7.8.6.3 External loads resistance
7.8.6.4 Pool fire
7.8.6.5 Other fire scenarios
7.8.7 Tank types
7.8.7.1 Reference standards for low pressure tanks
83 7.8.7.2 Reference standards for pressurized tanks
7.9 Rotating equipment
7.9.1 LNG pumps
84 7.9.2 Seawater pumps
7.9.3 Compressors
7.9.4 Turbines
85 7.10 Regasification and send-out unit
7.10.1 General
7.10.2 Gas quality adjustment
86 7.10.3 Odorization
7.11 Trailer loading unit
7.12 Liquefaction unit
7.12.1 General
7.12.2 Gas contamination removal
7.13 Buildings
7.13.1 General
87 7.13.2 Control room
7.14 LNG and NG quality measurement
7.14.1 General
7.14.2 Sampling
7.14.3 Compositional analysis
7.14.4 Heat calculation and Wobbe Index
7.14.5 Density calculation
88 7.14.6 Analyser calibration
7.14.7 Calibration gas
7.15 Custody transfer flow metering
7.16 Boil-Off Gas (BOG) systems
7.16.1 General
90 7.16.2 Boil-off gas collection system
91 7.16.3 Boil-off gas recovery
7.17 Flare/vent system
7.17.1 General
92 7.17.2 Flare
7.17.3 Vent stack
93 7.18 Utilities
7.18.1 General
7.18.2 Instrument air
94 7.18.3 Nitrogen
7.18.4 Fuelgas
95 7.18.5 Other utilities
96 Annex A (normative)Thermal radiation threshold values
A.1 Heat radiation from LNG fires
97 A.2 Heat radiation from flare or ignited vent stack
99 Annex B (normative)Definitions of reference flow rates
B.1 General
B.2 VT (heat input)
B.3 VL (fluid input)
B.4 VO (over filling)
B.5 VF (flash at filling)
100 B.6 VR (LNG recirculation by a submersible pump)
101 B.7 VA (variation in atmospheric pressure)
B.8 VV (control valve failure)
B.9 VI (heat input in the course of a fire)
B.10 VD (fluid suction)
102 B.11 VC (compressors suction)
B.12 VB (roll-over)
103 Annex C (informative)Seismic classification
C.1 General
C.2 Some basic principles
C.3 Example of safety approach after SSE
104 C.4 Example of classification for SSE
105 Annex D (normative)Specific requirements for LNG pumps
D.1 General
D.2 Design
D.3 Inspection
D.3.1 General
D.3.2 Inspection of components submitted to pressure or rotation
D.3.3 Radiographic inspection
106 D.3.4 Ultrasonic inspection
D.3.5 Crack detection (dye penetrant inspection)
D.3.6 Visual inspection
D.3.7 Dimensional inspection
D.3.8 Electrical inspections
D.4 Testing
D.4.1 Test condition
D.4.2 Type tests and acceptance tests
107 D.4.3 Strength and tightness tests
D.4.4 Performance tests
108 D.4.5 NPSH tests
D.5 Declared values
D.6 Marking
109 D.7 Particular requirements for submerged pumps and related cables
D.7.1 Pot (can) mounted pumps
D.7.2 Column mounted (in tank) type
D.7.2.1 General
D.7.2.2 Dedicated cables
110 D.7.2.3 Stainless steel tubes
D.8 Vertical external motor pumps
111 Annex E (normative)Specific requirements for LNG vaporizers
E.1 Operating parameters
E.2 Water stream vaporizers: Open rack type (ORV)
E.2.1 Specific design requirements
E.2.2 Water distribution
112 E.2.3 LNG and NG lines
113 E.2.4 LNG distribution
E.2.5 Cleaning of the LNG/NG circuit
E.2.6 Control/safety
E.2.7 Shelters for vaporizers
E.2.8 Water circuits
E.2.9 Water quality
E.3 Water stream vaporizers: Closed type (STV)
114 E.4 Intermediate fluid vaporizers (IFV)
E.4.1 Atmospheric water bath type
E.4.2 Forced flow type
E.4.3 Condenser/vaporizer type
E.5 Submerged combustion type vaporizers (SCV)
E.5.1 Corrosion
115 E.5.2 Control and safety
116 E.5.3 Water bath
E.5.4 Vibration
E.5.5 Arrangements for cold periods
E.5.6 Legionella
E.6 Ambient air vaporizers (AAV)
117 Annex F (normative)Criteria for the design of pipes
118 Annex G (informative)Description of the different types of onshore LNG installations
G.1 LNG liquefaction plant
G.2 LNG receiving terminals
119 G.3 LNG peak shaving plants
G.4 LNG satellite plants
G.5 LNG bunkering stations
120 Annex H (informative)Trailer loading unit
H.1 Additional specific hazards of TLU
H.2 Recommended safety measures
121 H.3 Specific process safety requirements
H.4 LNG metering
122 Annex I (informative)Frequency ranges
123 Annex J (informative)Classes of consequence
124 Annex K (informative)Levels of risk
K.1 General
K.2 Acceptability criteria
126 Annex L (informative)Typical process steps of liquefaction
L.1 Introduction
L.2 Treatment of natural gas/extraction of acid gases
L.2.1 General
L.2.2 Absorption processes
L.2.2.1 Principle of operation
127 L.2.2.2 Operating parameters/performance data
L.2.2.3 Particular features
128 L.2.3 Molecular sieve adsorption process
L.2.4 Other sulphur processes than H2S
L.3 Natural gas treatment/dehydration
L.3.1 General
L.3.2 Principle of operation
129 L.3.3 Operating parameters/performance data
L.3.4 Particular features
130 L.4 Treatment of natural gas/removal of mercury
L.5 Natural gas liquefaction unit
L.5.1 General
L.5.2 Principle of operation
L.5.2.1 Natural gas circuit and fractionation
131 L.5.2.2 Refrigeration cycles
L.5.3 Operating parameters/performance data
132 L.5.4 Low temperatures
L.5.5 Specific equipment
L.5.5.1 General
L.5.5.2 Cryogenic exchangers
133 L.5.5.3 Compression systems
134 L.5.5.4 Cooling system
135 Annex M (informative)Odorant systems
M.1 Odorants in general
M.2 Odorant systems requirements
M.2.1 General
M.2.2 Storage
M.2.3 Odorant pumps and valves
136 M.3 Odorant handling
M.3.1 General
M.3.2 Delivery
M.3.3 Flushing and purging
M.4 Odorant injection
137 M.5 Odorant leakage
M.6 Safety of operating personnel

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BS EN 1473:2021
$215.11