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BS EN 61400-2:2014

BS EN 61400-2:2014

$215.11

Wind turbines – Small wind turbines

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2014 136
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This part of IEC 61400 deals with safety philosophy, quality assurance, and engineering integrity and specifies requirements for the safety of small wind turbines (SWTs) including design, installation, maintenance and operation under specified external conditions. Its purpose is to provide the appropriate level of protection against damage from hazards from these systems during their planned lifetime.

This standard is concerned with all subsystems of SWTs such as protection mechanisms, internal electrical systems, mechanical systems, support structures, foundations and the electrical interconnection with the load. A small wind turbine system includes the wind turbine itself including support structures, the turbine controller, the charge controller / inverter (if required), wiring and disconnects, the installation and operation manual(s) and other documentation.

While this standard is similar to IEC 61400‑1 , it does simplify and make significant changes in order to be applicable to small wind turbines. Any of the requirements of this standard may be altered if it can be suitably demonstrated that the safety of the turbine system is not compromised. This provision, however, does not apply to the classification and the associated definitions of external conditions in Clause 6. Compliance with this standard does not relieve any person, organisation, or corporation from the responsibility of observing other applicable regulations.

This standard applies to wind turbines with a rotor swept area smaller than or equal to 200 m 2, generating electricity at a voltage below 1 000 V a.c. or 1 500 V d.c. for both on-grid and off-grid applications.

This standard should be used together with the appropriate IEC and ISO standards (see Clause 2).

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
6 English
CONTENTS
13 1 Scope
2 Normative references
14 3 Terms and definitions
23 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 General
4.2 Symbols
27 4.3 Coordinate system
Figures
Figure 1 – Definition of the system of axes for HAWT
28 5 Principal elements
5.1 General
Figure 2 – Definition of the system of axes for VAWT
29 5.2 Design methods
5.3 Quality assurance
30 Figure 3 – IEC 61400-2 decision path
31 I Design evaluation
6 External conditions
6.1 General
6.2 SWT classes
32 6.3 Wind conditions
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Normal wind conditions
Tables
Table 1 – Basic parameters for SWT classes
34 6.3.3 Extreme wind conditions
Figure 4 – Characteristic wind turbulence
35 Figure 5 – Example of extreme operating gust (N=1, Vhub = 25 m/s)
37 Figure 6 – Example of extreme direction change magnitude (N = 50, D = 5 m, zhub = 20 m)
Figure 7 – Example of extreme direction change transient (N = 50, Vhub = 25 m/s)
Figure 8 – Extreme coherent gust (Vhub = 25 m/s) (ECG)
38 6.4 Other environmental conditions
6.4.1 General
Figure 9 – The direction change for ECD
Figure 10 – Time development of direction change for Vhub = 25 m/s
39 6.4.2 Other normal environmental conditions
6.4.3 Other extreme environmental conditions
40 6.5 Controlled test conditions
6.6 Electrical load conditions
6.6.1 General
6.6.2 For turbines connected to the electrical power network
6.6.3 For turbines not connected to the electrical power network
41 7 Structural design
7.1 General
7.2 Design methodology
7.3 Loads and load cases
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Vibration, inertial and gravitational loads
7.3.3 Aerodynamic loads
42 7.3.4 Operational loads
7.3.5 Other loads
7.3.6 Load cases
7.4 Simplified loads methodology
7.4.1 General
44 7.4.2 Load case A: normal operation
Table 2 – Design load cases for the simplified load calculation method
45 7.4.3 Load case B: yawing
46 7.4.4 Load case C: yaw error
7.4.5 Load case D: maximum thrust
7.4.6 Load case E: maximum rotational speed
7.4.7 Load case F: short at load connection
7.4.8 Load case G: shutdown (braking)
47 7.4.9 Load case H: extreme wind loading
48 7.4.10 Load case I: parked wind loading, maximum exposure
49 7.4.11 Load case J: transportation, assembly, maintenance and repair
7.5 Simulation modelling
7.5.1 General
Table 3 – Force coefficients (Cf)
50 7.5.2 Power production (DLC 1.1 to 1.5)
Table 4 – Minimum set of design load cases (DLC) for simulation by aero-elastic models
51 7.5.3 Power production plus occurrence of fault (DLC 2.1 to 2.3)
7.5.4 Normal shutdown (DLC 3.1 and 3.2)
7.5.5 Emergency or manual shutdown (DLC 4.1)
7.5.6 Extreme wind loading (stand-still or idling or spinning) (DLC 5.1 to 5.2)
52 7.5.7 Parked plus fault conditions (DLC 6.1)
7.5.8 Transportation, assembly, maintenance and repair (DLC 7.1)
7.5.9 Load calculations
7.6 Load measurements
7.7 Stress calculation
53 7.8 Safety factors
7.8.1 Material factors and requirements
Table 5 – Equivalent stresses
54 7.8.2 Partial safety factor for loads
7.9 Limit state analysis
7.9.1 Ultimate strength analysis
Table 6 – Partial safety factors for materials
Table 7 – Partial safety factors for loads
55 7.9.2 Fatigue failure
7.9.3 Critical deflection analysis
56 8 Protection and shutdown system
8.1 General
8.2 Functional requirements of the protection system
8.3 Manual shutdown
57 8.4 Shutdown for maintenance
9 Electrical system
9.1 General
9.2 Protective devices
58 9.3 Disconnect device
9.4 Earthing (grounding) systems
9.5 Lightning protection
9.6 Electrical conductors and cables
9.7 Electrical loads
9.7.1 General
9.7.2 Battery charging
59 9.7.3 Electrical power network (grid connected systems)
9.7.4 Direct connect to electric motors (e.g. water pumping)
9.7.5 Direct resistive load (e.g. heating)
9.8 Local requirements
60 10 Support structure
10.1 General
10.2 Dynamic requirements
10.3 Environmental factors
10.4 Earthing
10.5 Foundation
10.6 Turbine access design loads
11 Documentation requirements
11.1 General
61 11.2 Product manuals
11.2.1 General
11.2.2 Specification
62 11.2.3 Installation
11.2.4 Operation
63 11.2.5 Maintenance and routine inspection
64 11.3 Consumer label
12 Wind turbine markings
65 II Type testing
13 Testing
13.1 General
13.2 Tests to verify design data
13.2.1 General
13.2.2 Pdesign, ndesign, Vdesign and Qdesign
66 13.2.3 Maximum yaw rate
13.2.4 Maximum rotational speed
13.3 Mechanical loads testing
67 13.4 Duration testing
13.4.1 General
68 13.4.2 Reliable operation
70 13.4.3 Dynamic behaviour
71 13.4.4 Reporting of duration test
72 13.5 Mechanical component testing
13.5.1 General
13.5.2 Blade test
73 13.5.3 Hub test
13.5.4 Nacelle frame test
13.5.5 Yaw mechanism test
13.5.6 Gearbox test
13.6 Safety and function
74 13.7 Environmental testing
13.8 Electrical
75 Annex A (informative) Variants of small wind turbine systems
77 Annex B (normative) Design parameters for describing SWT class S
78 Annex C (informative) Stochastic turbulence models
Table C.1 – Turbulence spectral parameters for Kaimal model
81 Annex D (informative) Deterministic turbulence description
83 Annex E (informative) Partial safety factors for materials
84 Figure E.1 – Normal and Weibull distribution
Table E.1 – Factors for different survival probabilities and variabilities
86 Figure E.2 – Typical S-N diagram for fatigue of glass fibre composites (Figure 41 from reference [E.2])
Figure E.3 – Typical environmental effects on glass fibre composites (Figure 25 from reference [E.2])
Figure E.4 – Fatigue strain diagram for large tow unidirectional 0° carbonfibre/vinyl ester composites, R = 0,1 and 10 (Figure 107 from reference [E.2])
87 Figure E.5 – S-N curves for fatigue of typical metals
88 Figure E.6 – Fatigue life data for jointed softwood (from reference [E.5])
Figure E.7 – Typical S-N curve for wood (from reference [E.5])
89 Figure E.8 – Effect of moisture content on compressive strengthof lumber parallel to grain (Figure 4-13 from reference [E.6])
Figure E.9 – Effect of moisture content on wood strength properties (Figure 4-11 from reference [E.6])
90 Figure E.10 – Effect of grain angle on mechanical propertyof clear wood according to Hankinson-type formula (Figure 4-4 from reference [E.6])
91 Table E.2 – Geometric discontinuities
92 Annex F (informative) Development of the simplified loads methodology
103 Annex G (informative) Example of test reporting formats
Table G.1 – Example duration test result
104 Figure G.1 – Example power degradation plot
105 Figure G.2 – Example binned sea level normalized power curve
106 Figure G.3 – Example scatter plot of measured power and wind speed
Table G.2 – Example calculated annual energy production (AEP) table
107 Figure G.4 – Example immission noise map
108 Annex H (informative) EMC measurements
109 Figure H.1 – Measurement setup of radiated emissions (set up type A)
Figure H.2 – Measurement setup of radiated emissions (set up type B)
110 Figure H.3 – Measurement setup of conducted emissions (setup type A)
Figure H.4 – Measurement setup of conducted emissions (setup type B)
112 Annex I (normative) Natural frequency analysis
113 Figure I.1 – Example of a Campbell diagram
114 Annex J (informative) Extreme environmental conditions
116 Annex K (informative) Extreme wind conditions of tropical cyclones
117 Table K.1 – Top five average extreme wind speeds recorded at meteorological stations
118 Table K.2 – Extreme wind speeds recorded at meteorological stations
119 Figure K.1 – Comparison of predicted and observed extremewinds in a mixed climate region (after Isihara, T. and Yamaguchi, A.)
121 Figure K.2 – Tropical cyclone tracks between 1945 and 2006
122 Annex L (informative) Other wind conditions
123 Figure L.1 – Simulation showing inclined flow on a building (courtesy Sander Mertens)
124 Figure L.2 – Example wind flow around a building
125 Figure L.3 – Turbulence intensity and wind speed distribution, 5 m above treetopsin a forest north of Uppsala, Sweden, during Jan-Dec 2009
Figure L.4 – Turbulence intensity and wind speed distribution, 69 m above treetops in a forest north of Uppsala, Sweden, during 2009 (limited data for high wind speeds)
126 Figure L.5 – Turbulence intensity and wind distribution, 2 m above rooftopin Melville, Western Australia, during Jan-Feb 2009, reference [L.4]
Figure L.6 – Turbulence intensity and wind speed distribution, 5,7 m above a rooftopin Port Kennedy, Western Australia, during Feb-Mar 2010, reference [L.4]
127 Figure L.7 – Example extreme direction changes; 1,5 m above a rooftop in Tokyo,Japan during three months February-May of 2007 (0,5 Hz data, reference [L.5])
128 Figure L.8 – Example extreme direction changes; 1,5 m above a rooftop in Tokyo, Japan during five months September 2010 to February 2011 (1,0 Hz data, reference [L.5])
Figure L.9 – Gust factor measurements during storm in Port Kennedy,Western Australia, during March 2010, measured 5 m above rooftop compared with 10-min average wind speed
130 Annex M (informative) Consumer label
133 Figure M.1 – Sample label in English
134 Figure M.2 – Sample bilingual label (English/French)
135 Bibliography

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BS EN 61400-2:2014
$215.11