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BS EN IEC 61400-12-1:2022

BS EN IEC 61400-12-1:2022

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Wind energy generation systems – Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2022 162
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IEC 61400-12-1:2022 specifies a procedure for measuring the power performance characteristics of a single wind turbine and applies to the testing of wind turbines of all types and sizes connected to the electrical power network. In addition, this document defines a procedure to be used to determine the power performance characteristics of small wind turbines (as defined in IEC 61400-2) when connected to either the electric power network or a battery bank. This document defines a measurement methodology that requires the measured power curve and derived energy production figures to be supplemented by an assessment of uncertainty sources and their combined effects. This third edition of IEC 61400-12-1 is part of a structural revision that cancels and replaces the performance standards IEC 61400-12-1:2017 and IEC 61400-12-2:2013. The structural revision contains no technical changes with respect to IEC 61400-12-1:2017 and IEC 61400ā€‘12ā€‘2:2013, but the parts that relate to wind measurements, measurement of site calibration and assessment of obstacle and terrain have been extracted into separate standards.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
7 Annex ZA (normative)Normative references to international publicationswith their corresponding European publications
9 English
CONTENTS
15 FOREWORD
17 INTRODUCTION
19 1 Scope
2 Normative references
20 3 Terms and definitions
23 4 Symbols, units and abbreviated terms
30 5 Power performance method overview
33 6 Preparation for performance test
6.1 General
6.2 Wind turbine and electrical connection
Tables
Table 1 ā€“ Overview of wind measurement configurations for power curve measurements that meet the requirements of this document
34 6.3 Test site
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Location of the wind measurement equipment
6.3.3 Measurement sector
35 6.3.4 Correction factors and uncertainty due to flow distortion originating from topography
7 Test equipment
7.1 Electric power
Figures
Figure 1 ā€“ Requirements as to distance of the wind measurement equipment and maximum allowed measurement sectors
36 7.2 Wind speed
7.2.1 General
Table 2 ā€“ Wind speed measurement configurations (X indicates allowable configuration)
37 7.2.2 General requirements for meteorological mast mounted anemometers
7.2.3 Top-mounted anemometers
38 7.2.4 Side-mounted anemometers
7.2.5 Remote sensing device (RSD)
7.2.6 Rotor equivalent wind speed measurement
39 7.2.7 Hub height wind speed measurement
7.2.8 Wind shear measurements
40 Figure 2 ā€“ Wind shear measurement heights appropriate to measurement of rotor equivalent wind speed
41 7.3 Wind direction
7.4 Air density
Figure 3 ā€“ Wind shear measurement heights when no wind speed measurements above hub height are available (for wind shear exponent determination only)
42 7.5 Rotational speed and pitch angle
7.6 Blade condition
7.7 Wind turbine control system
7.8 Data acquisition system
43 8 Measurement procedure
8.1 General
8.2 Wind turbine operation
8.3 Data collection
8.4 Data rejection
44 8.5 Database
9 Derived results
9.1 Data normalization
9.1.1 General
45 9.1.2 Correction for meteorological mast flow distortion of side-mounted anemometer
9.1.3 Wind shear correction (when REWS measurements available)
Figure 4 ā€“ Process of application of the various normalizations
47 Table 3 ā€“ Example of REWS calculation
48 9.1.4 Wind veer correction
9.1.5 Air density normalization
49 9.1.6 Turbulence normalization
9.2 Determination of the measured power curve
50 9.3 Annual energy production (AEP)
52 9.4 Power coefficient
10 Reporting format
56 Figure 5 ā€“ Presentation of example database: power performance test scatter plot sampled at 1 Hz (mean values averaged over 10 min)
Figure 6 ā€“ Presentation of example measured power curve
57 Figure 7 ā€“ Presentation of example CP curve
Table 4 ā€“ Example of presentation of a measured power curve
59 Table 5 ā€“ Example of presentation of estimated annual energy production
60 Annexes
Annex A (normative) Assessment of obstacles
61 Annex B (normative) Assessment of terrain at the test site
62 Annex C (normative) Site calibration procedure
63 Annex D (normative) Evaluation of uncertainty in measurement
64 Table D.1 ā€“ List of uncertainty components
66 Annex E (informative) Theoretical basis for determining the uncertainty of measurement using the method of bins
E.1 General
67 E.2 Combining uncertainties
E.2.1 General
69 E.2.2 Expanded uncertainty
E.2.3 Basis for the uncertainty assessment
Table E.1 ā€“ Expanded uncertainties
71 Table E.2 ā€“ List of category A and B uncertainties
74 E.3 Category A uncertainties
E.3.1 General
E.3.2 Category A uncertainty in electric power
E.3.3 Category A uncertainties in the site calibration
E.4 Category B uncertainties: Introduction and data acquisition system
E.4.1 Category B uncertainties: Introduction
75 E.4.2 Category B uncertainties: Data acquisition system
E.5 Category B uncertainties: Power output
E.5.1 General
76 E.5.2 Category B uncertainties: Power output ā€“ Current transformers
E.5.3 Category B uncertainties: Power output ā€“ Voltage transformers
77 E.5.4 Category B uncertainties: Power output ā€“ Power transducer or other power measurement device
E.5.5 Category B uncertainties: Power output ā€“ Data acquisition
78 E.6 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ Introduction and sensors
E.6.1 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ Introduction
E.6.2 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ Hardware
E.6.3 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ Meteorological mast mounted sensors
80 E.7 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ RSD
E.7.1 General
E.7.2 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ RSD ā€“ Calibration
81 E.7.3 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ RSD ā€“ In-situ check
E.7.4 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ RSD ā€“ Classification
E.7.5 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ RSD ā€“ Mounting
E.7.6 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ RSD ā€“ Flow variation
82 E.7.7 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ RSD ā€“ Monitoring test
E.8 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ REWS
E.8.1 General
E.8.2 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ REWS ā€“ Wind speed measurement over whole rotor
83 E.8.3 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ REWS ā€“ Wind veer
84 E.9 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ Terrain
E.9.1 General
E.9.2 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ Terrain ā€“ Pre-calibration
85 E.9.3 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ Terrain ā€“ Post-calibration
E.9.4 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ Terrain ā€“ Classification
E.9.5 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ Terrain ā€“ Mounting
E.9.6 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ Terrain ā€“ Data acquisition
86 E.9.7 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ Terrain ā€“ Lightning finial
E.9.8 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ Terrain ā€“ Change in correction between adjacent bins
E.9.9 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ Terrain ā€“ Removal of WD sensor
E.9.10 Category B uncertainties: Wind speed ā€“ Terrain ā€“ Seasonal variation
E.10 Category B uncertainties: Air density
E.10.1 General
87 E.10.2 Category B uncertainties: Air density ā€“ Temperature ā€“ Introduction
88 E.10.3 Category B uncertainties: Air density ā€“ Temperature ā€“ Calibration
E.10.4 Category B uncertainties: Air density ā€“ Temperature ā€“ Radiation shielding
E.10.5 Category B uncertainties: Air density ā€“ Temperature ā€“ Mounting
E.10.6 Category B uncertainties: Air density ā€“ Temperature ā€“ Data acquisition
E.10.7 Category B uncertainties: Air density ā€“ Pressure ā€“ Introduction
89 E.10.8 Category B uncertainties: Air density ā€“ Pressure ā€“ Calibration
90 E.10.9 Category B uncertainties: Air density ā€“ Pressure ā€“ Mounting
E.10.10 Category B uncertainties: Air density ā€“ Pressure ā€“ Data acquisition
E.10.11 Category B uncertainties: Air density ā€“ Relative humidity ā€“ Introduction
91 E.10.12 Category B uncertainties: Air density ā€“ Relative humidity ā€“ Calibration
E.10.13 Category B uncertainties: Air density ā€“ Relative humidity ā€“ Mounting
E.10.14 Category B uncertainties: Air density ā€“ Relative humidity ā€“ Data acquisition
92 E.10.15 Category B uncertainties: Air density ā€“ Correction
E.11 Category B uncertainties: Method
E.11.1 General
E.11.2 Category B uncertainties: Method ā€“ Wind conditions
94 Table E.3 ā€“ Example of standard uncertainties due to absence of a wind shear measurement
96 Table E.4 ā€“ Example of standard uncertainties due to absence of a wind veer measurement
97 E.11.3 Category B uncertainties: Method ā€“ Seasonal effects
Table E.5 ā€“ Uncertainty contributions due to lack of upflow knowledge
Table E.6 ā€“ Uncertainty contributions due to lack of turbulence knowledge
98 E.11.4 Category B uncertainties: Method ā€“ Turbulence normalization (or the lack thereof)
E.11.5 Category B uncertainties: Method ā€“ Cold climate
99 E.12 Category B uncertainties: Wind direction
E.12.1 General
E.12.2 Category B uncertainties: Wind direction ā€“ Vane or sonic
100 E.12.3 Category B uncertainties: Wind direction ā€“ RSD
101 E.13 Combining uncertainties
E.13.1 General
102 E.13.2 Combining Category B uncertainties in electric power (uP,i)
E.13.3 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement (uV,i)
E.13.4 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement from cup or sonic (uVS,i)
103 E.13.5 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement from RSD (uVR,i)
E.13.6 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement from REWS uVREWS,i
104 E.13.7 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement for REWS for either a meteorological mast significantly above hub height or an RSD with a lower-than-hub-height meteorological mast
105 Table E.7 ā€“ Suggested assumptions for correlations of measurement uncertainties between different measurement heights
106 E.13.8 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement for REWS for a hub height meteorological mast plus RSD for shear using an absolute wind speed
108 E.13.9 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement for REWS for hub height meteorological mast RSD for shear using a relative wind speed
110 E.13.10 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement from REWS due to wind veer across the whole rotor uVREWS,veer,i
112 Table E.8 ā€“ Suggested correlation assumptions for relative wind direction measurement uncertainties at different measurement heights
114 E.13.11 Combining uncertainties in the wind speed measurement from flow distortion due to site calibration uVT,i
115 E.13.12 Combining uncertainties for the temperature measurement uT,i
E.13.13 Combining uncertainties for the pressure measurement uB,i
116 E.13.14 Combining uncertainties for the humidity measurement uRH,i
117 E.13.15 Combining uncertainties for the method related components uM,i
E.13.16 Combining uncertainties for the wind direction measurement with wind vane or sonic anemometer uWV,i
118 E.13.17 Combining uncertainties for the wind direction measurement with RSD uWR,i
E.13.18 Combined category B uncertainties
E.13.19 Combined standard uncertainty ā€“ Power curve
E.13.20 Combined standard uncertainty ā€“ Energy production
119 E.14 Relevance of uncertainty components under specified conditions
E.15 Reference tables
Table E.9 ā€“ Uncertainties from air density normalization
121 Table E.10 ā€“ Sensitivity factors
122 Table E.11 ā€“ Category B uncertainties
123 Annex F (normative) Wind tunnel calibration procedure for anemometers
124 Annex G (normative) Mounting of instruments on the meteorological mast
125 Annex H (normative) Power performance testing of small wind turbines
H.1 General
H.2 Wind turbine system definition and installation
126 H.3 Meteorological mast location
H.4 Test equipment
Figure H.1 ā€“ Definition of hub height and meteorological mast locationfor vertical axis wind turbines
127 H.5 Measurement procedure
Table H.1 ā€“ Battery bank voltage settings
128 H.6 Derived results
H.7 Reporting
H.8 Assessment of influence of wind turbines and obstacles at the test site
H.9 Assessment of terrain at test site
129 H.10 Site calibration procedure (refer to IEC 61400-12-3)
130 Annex I (normative) Classification of cup and sonic anemometry
131 Annex J (normative) Assessment of cup and sonic anemometry
132 Annex K (normative) In-situ comparison of anemometers
133 Annex L (normative) The application of remote sensing technology
L.1 General
134 L.2 Classification requirements specific to power performance tests
L.3 Verification requirements specific to power performance tests
L.4 Uncertainty evaluation specific to power performance tests
135 L.5 Additional checks specific to power performance tests
L.5.1 Monitoring the performance of the remote sensing device at the application site
L.5.2 Identification of malfunctioning of the remote sensing device
L.5.3 Consistency check of the assessment of the remote sensing device systematic uncertainties
L.5.4 In-situ test of the remote sensing device
L.6 Other requirements specific to power performance testing
136 Figure L.1 ā€“ Example of permitted range of locations for measurement volume
138 Annex M (informative) Normalization of power curve data according to the turbulence intensity
M.1 General
M.2 Turbulence normalization procedure
139 Figure M.1 ā€“ Process for obtaining a power curvefor a specific turbulence intensity (Iref)
140 M.3 Determination of the zero turbulence power curve
141 Figure M.2 ā€“ Process for obtaining the initial zero turbulence power curve parameters from the measured data
Figure M.3 ā€“ First approach for initial zero turbulence power curve
143 Figure M.4 ā€“ Process for obtaining the theoretical zero-turbulence power curve from the measured data
144 Figure M.5 ā€“ Adjusted initial zero turbulence power curve (green) compared to first approach (red)
145 Figure M.6 ā€“ Process for obtaining the final zero-turbulence power curve from the measured data
Figure M.7 ā€“ Adjusted initial zero turbulence power curve (green) compared to final zero turbulence power curve (black)
146 M.4 Order of wind shear correction (normalization) and turbulence normalization
M.5 Uncertainty of turbulence normalization or of power curves due to turbulence effects
148 Annex N (informative) Wind tunnel calibration procedure for wind direction sensors
149 Annex O (informative) Power performance testing in cold climate
O.1 Overview
O.2 Recommendations
O.2.1 General
O.2.2 Sonic anemometers
O.2.3 Cup anemometers
150 O.3 Uncertainties
O.4 Reporting
151 Annex P (informative) Wind shear normalization procedure
153 Annex Q (informative) Definition of the rotor equivalent wind speed under consideration of wind veer
Q.1 Overview
154 Q.2 Definition of rotor equivalent wind speed under consideration of wind veer
Q.3 Measurement of wind veer
Q.4 Combined wind shear and wind veer normalization
Figure Q.1 ā€“ Wind profiles measured with lidar over flat terrain
155 Annex R (informative) Uncertainty considerations for tests on multiple turbines
156 Table R.1 ā€“ List of correlated uncertainty components
159 Annex S (informative) Mast flow distortion correction for lattice masts
160 Bibliography

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