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BS EN IEC 61400-21-2:2023

BS EN IEC 61400-21-2:2023

$215.11

Wind energy generation systems – Measurement and assessment of electrical characteristics. Wind power plants

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2023 154
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IEC 61400-21-2 – Wind energy generation systems – Measurement and assessment of electrical characteristics – Wind power plants – has the following scope: IEC 61400-21-2 defines and specifies the quantities that shall be determined to characterize the electrical characteristics of grid-connected power plants (PP). IEC 61400-21-2 defines the measurement and test procedures for quantifying the electrical characteristics as basis for the verification of compliance of PP, including: – Power quality aspects – Steady state operation – Dynamic response (undervoltage and overvoltage fault ride-through) – Disconnection from grid (Grid protection) – Control performance IEC 61400-21-2 defines a uniform functionality test and measurement procedure for the power plant controller (PPC), as a basis for the unit test of the power plant controller. IEC 61400-21-2 defines the procedures for assessing compliance with electrical connection requirements, including the aggregation methods for power quality aspects such as voltage variations, flicker, harmonics and interharmonics. IEC 61400-21-2 defines the procedures for measurement and fault recording for the verification of power plant electrical simulation models in relation to undervoltage and overvoltage ride through events. These measurement procedures are valid for power plants, including the power plant controller and other connected equipment, necessary for the operation of the Power Plant. The measurement procedures are valid for any size of power plant connected to the point of connection (POC) at one connection point. The procedures for assessing and verifying the compliance with grid connection requirements are valid for power plants in power systems with fixed frequency and a sufficient short-circuit power. Out of the scope of this standard are: – Multi park control, i.e. cluster management of several power plants (PP) or several connection points – Compliance test and performance requirements, including pass or fail criteria – Specific component test and validation of the PP equipment (switchgear, cables, transformers, etc.), which are covered by other IEC standards – Wind power plant model validation, as defined in the IEC 61400-27-2 – Load flow calculation methods and load flow study guidelines – Test and measurement of the communication interface and system of the PP as defined in the IEC 61400-25 series NOTE For the purposes of this document, the following terms for system voltage apply, based on IEC 60038 Low voltage (LV) refers to 100 V < Un ≤ 1 kV; Medium voltage (MV) refers 106 to 1 kV < Un ≤ 35 kV; High voltage (HV) refers to 35 kV < Un ≤ 230 kV; Extra high voltage (EHV) refers to Un > 230 kV

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
5 Annex ZA (normative)Normative references to international publicationswith their corresponding European publications
7 English
CONTENTS
14 FOREWORD
16 INTRODUCTION
18 1 Scope
19 2 Normative references
20 3 Terms and definitions
24 Figures
Figure 1 – Example of step response
30 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Symbols
32 4.2 Abbreviated terms
5 Power plant specifications
34 6 Overall test and documentation requirements
6.1 General
Figure 2 – Example of a PP setup
35 Tables
Table 1 – Overview of measurements and their requirements
36 6.2 Test conditions, monitoring and reporting requirements
38 6.3 Test conditions in the case of external influences
6.4 Test and measurement equipment
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Voltage, current and power calculations
6.4.3 Measurement equipment
39 6.4.4 Existing measurement equipment for power control tests
6.4.5 Optional measurements
6.5 Functional and performance test
40 6.6 Power plant controller
6.6.1 General
6.6.2 Definition and requirements
Figure 3 – General structure of a PPC for reactive power control within a power plant
41 6.6.3 Measurement points
Figure 4 – General structure of a PPC for active power control within a power plant
Figure 5 – Illustration of the PPC as a black box with in- and outputs
42 6.6.4 Measurement data
6.6.5 Test setup
Figure 6 – Illustration of the PPC with the internal system data
43 6.6.6 Documentation
Figure 7 – Illustration of a complete test setup
Table 2 – Description and general requirements of the HIL test functional
44 7 Measurement and test of electrical characteristics
7.1 General
7.2 Power quality aspects
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Flicker during continuous operation
45 7.2.3 Rapid voltage changes due to switching operations
46 7.2.4 Harmonics
48 7.3 Steady state operation
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Unbalance
49 7.4 Dynamic performance
7.4.1 Undervoltage and overvoltage ride-through (UVRT and OVRT) capability
7.4.2 Test setup and test conditions
7.4.3 Test and measurement procedure
50 Table 3 – List of recorded signals
Table 4 – List of electrical signals to be monitored for the evaluation of events
51 7.4.4 Documentation
52 7.5 Disconnection from grid
7.5.1 Grid protection
Figure 8 – Example of time series for the active and reactive current measured (M) and simulated (S) active and reactive current [1]
53 7.5.2 Requirements of test devices
7.5.3 Grid protection test – PP level
Table 5 – Maximum measurement uncertainties for the grid simulator
54 7.5.4 Grid protection test – PGU level
7.5.5 RoCoF
8 Control performance
8.1 General
8.2 Performance test
8.2.1 General
55 8.2.2 Active power control tests
Table 6 – List of signals during test
56 Figure 9 – Adjustment of active power reference value
Figure 10 – Example of active power response step
57 8.2.3 Controlled shutdown
Table 7 – Accuracy of the active power control values
Table 8 – Results from the active power dynamic response test
58 Table 9 – Example of list of signals during test
59 8.2.4 Synthetic inertia response
Figure 11 – Example of controlled shutdown
Table 10 – Results of the emergency shutdown test
60 Table 11 – List of signals during test
61 Figure 12 – Synthetic inertia – example response and definitions
62 8.2.5 Reactive power control
Table 12 – Synthetic inertia settings
Table 13 – Synthetic inertia test results
63 Table 14 – List of signals during test
64 Figure 13 – Test for static error
Figure 14 – Example of test of dynamic response
65 8.2.6 Reactive power capability
Table 15 – Test for static error
Table 16 – Test for dynamic response
66 Table 17 – List of signals during test
67 Figure 15 – Example of test of reactive power capability QP-chart
Figure 16 – Example of reactive power capability UP-chartcorresponding to the QP-chart
68 8.3 Functionality tests
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Active power ramp rate limitation test
Table 18 – Example of reactive power capability QP-chart
Table 19 – List of signals during test
69 Figure 17 – Example of available active power and activepower in ramp rate limitation mode
70 8.3.3 Priority of setpoints
Table 20 – Active power ramp rate calculation
71 Figure 18 – Example of active power setpoint prioritization test
Table 21 – List of signals during test
72 8.3.4 Frequency control
Table 22 – Test results priority of setpoints
73 Table 23 – List of signals during test
74 Figure 19 – PPC measured frequency feedback is replaced by a simulated frequency
75 Figure 20 – Example of an active power control function P = f(f), with the different measurement points and related steps of frequency
77 8.3.5 Reactive power ramp rate limitation
Table 24 – Example of test sequence for the frequency dependent active power function
78 Table 25 – List of signals during test
79 Table 26 – Test procedure reactive power ramp rate limitation test
80 Figure 21 – Example of reactive power ramp rate limitation test
Table 27 – Reactive power ramp rate calculation
81 8.3.6 Voltage control Q(U)-characteristic
Figure 22 – Example of the Q(U) characteristic with a 4 % slope
82 Table 28 – List of signals during test
83 8.3.7 Power factor control
Table 29 – Voltage control Q(U) – slope test
84 Table 30 – List of signals during test
85 Table 31 – Example of power factor control test
86 8.3.8 Communication error/fallback scenarios
Figure 23 – Example of possible PP communication faults
87 Table 32 – List of signals during test
88 Figure 24 – Example of graph for communication error test
Table 33 – Example of communication error test – Failure on external interface
Table 34 – Example of failure of PPC or communication between PPC and PGUs
89 9 Assessment of power quality of power plants (PP)
9.1 General
9.2 Voltage fluctuations
9.2.1 Voltage change
Table 35 – Example of failure of grid data measurement
90 9.2.2 Flicker in continuous operation
91 9.2.3 Voltage change and flicker during switching operations
92 9.3 Current harmonics, interharmonics and higher frequency components
93 Table 36 – Specification of exponents according to IEC TR 61000-3-6
94 Annex A (informative)Report template
A.1 Overview
A.2 Power plant specification and test conditions
Table A.1 – General and nominal data
95 A.3 Power plant controller
Table A.2 – General power plant capabilities and control functions
Table A.3 – General test and report information
Table A.4 – General test conditions and grid data
96 A.4 Power quality aspects
Figure A.1 – Figure 25 – Voltage flicker Pst versus active power for normal operation
Table A.5 – General test conditions and test setup
Table A.6 – Flicker values
97 Figure A.2 – Voltage flicker Pst for background level
Figure A.3 – Time series of three-phase voltages as RMS of PP starting
Figure A.4 – Time series of three-phase currents as RMS of PP starting
Figure A.5 – Time series of active and reactive power of PP starting
Table A.7 – Rapid voltage changes due to switching operations
98 Figure A.6 – Time series of three-phase voltages as RMS of PP stopping
Figure A.7 – Time series of three-phase currents as RMS of PP stopping
Figure A.8 – Time series of active and reactive power of PP stopping
Table A.8 – General test information
99 Table A.9 – 99th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
100 Table A.10 – 99th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
102 Table A.11 – 99th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
103 Table A.12 – 95th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
104 Table A.13 – 95th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
106 Table A.14 – 95th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
107 Table A.15 – 99th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
108 Table A.16 – 99th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
110 Table A.17 – 99th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
111 Table A.18 – 95th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
112 Table A.19 – 95th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
113 Table A.20 – 95th percentile of 10 min harmonic magnitudes per week
114 Table A.21 – 99th percentile of 3 s harmonic magnitudes per week
116 Table A.22 – 99th percentile of 3 s harmonic magnitudes per week
117 Table A.23 – 99th percentile of 3 s harmonic magnitudes per week
118 Table A.24 – 99th percentile of 3 s harmonic magnitudes per week
119 Table A.25 – 99th percentile of 3 s harmonic magnitudes per week
121 Table A.26 – 99th percentile of 3 s harmonic magnitudes per week
122 Figure A.9 – Maximum of the 99th percentiles of integerharmonic currents versus harmonic order
Figure A.10 – Maximum of the 99th percentiles ofinterharmonic currents versus frequency
Figure A.11 – Maximum of the 99th percentiles of higherfrequency current components versus frequency
Figure A.12 – Maximum of the 95th percentiles of integerharmonic currents versus harmonic order
123 Figure A.13 – Maximum of the 95th percentiles ofinterharmonic currents versus frequency
Figure A.14 – Maximum of the 95th percentiles of higherfrequency current components versus frequency
Figure A.15 – Maximum of the 99th percentiles of integerharmonic voltages versus harmonic order
Figure A.16 – Maximum of the 99th percentiles ofinterharmonic voltages versus frequency
124 Figure A.17 – Maximum of the 99th percentiles of higherfrequency voltage components versus frequency
Figure A.18 – Maximum of the 95th percentiles of integerharmonic voltages versus harmonic order
Figure A.19 – Maximum of the 95th percentiles ofinterharmonic voltages versus frequency
Figure A.20 – Maximum of the 95th percentiles of higherfrequency voltage components versus frequency
125 A.5 Steady state operation
Figure A.21 – Current unbalance factor as a function of active power
Figure A.22 – Voltage unbalance factor as a function of active power
Table A.27 – Unbalance
126 A.6 Dynamic performance
Figure A.23 – Time series: Instantaneous three-phase currents and voltages at the POC
Figure A.24 – Time series: Positive and negative sequence of the active and reactive current
Figure A.25 – Time series: Positive and negative sequence of the active and reactive power
Table A.28 – General fault information of undervoltage andovervoltage ride-through (UVRT and OVRT) events/recorda
127 A.7 Disconnection from grid (grid protection)
A.8 Performance test
A.8.1 General
A.8.2 Static error test
Figure A.26 – Time series: Positive and negative sequence grid voltage at the POC
Figure A.27 – Time series of available active power, measured active power output and reference values
Table A.29 – Accuracy of the active power control values
128 A.8.3 Dynamic response test
A.8.4 Controlled shutdown
Figure A.28 – Time series of available active power, measured active power output and reference values
Figure A.29 – Time series of available active power, measured active power output and reference values
Table A.30 – Accuracy of the active power control values
Table A.31 – Results of the emergency shutdown test
129 A.8.5 Synthetic inertia response
Figure A.30 – Time-series of available active power, measured active power and reference value of the grid frequency for (test 1 and test 2) 0,25 × Pn < P < 0,5 × Pn
Figure A.31 – Time-series of available active power, measured active power and reference value of the grid frequency for (test 3 and test 4) P > 0,8 × Pn
Figure A.32 – Time-series of available active power, measured active power and reference value of the grid frequency for (test 5 and test 6) v > vn
130 Table A.32 – Synthetic inertia test results
131 A.8.6 Reactive power control
Figure A.33 – Time-series of reactive power reference values and measured reactive power and grid voltage during the test of reactive power control
Figure A.34 – Time-series of reactive power reference values and measured reactive power, grid voltage during the test of reactive power control
Table A.33 – Test for static error
132 A.8.7 Reactive power capability
Figure A.35 – Zoom of step response (for all three-step responses) in the time-series of reactive power reference values and measured reactive power, grid voltage during the test of reactive power control
Figure A.36 – Test of reactive power capability QP-chart
Table A.34 – Test for dynamic response
133 A.9 Functionality tests
A.9.1 Active power ramp rate limitation test
Figure A.37 – Reactive power capability UP-chart corresponding to the QP-chart
Figure A.38 – Time-series of available active power and active power in ramp rate limitation mode – Slow ramp rate
Table A.35 – PQ-diagram
134 A.9.2 Priority of setpoints
Figure A.39 – Time-series of available active power and active power in ramp rate limitation mode – Fast ramp rate
Figure A.40 – Time-series of active power setpoints, available power and active power
Table A.36 – Active power ramp rate calculation – Slow ramp rate
Table A.37 – Active power ramp rate calculation – Fast ramp rate
135 A.9.3 Frequency control
Figure A.41 – Time-series of active power setpoints, available power and active power
Figure A.42 – Time-series of simulated frequency
Table A.38 – Test results priority of setpoints
136 A.9.4 Reactive power ramp rate limitation
Figure A.43 – Time series of reactive power setpoint, reactive power
Table A.39 – Frequency dependent active power function results
137 A.9.5 Voltage control Q(U)-characteristic
Figure A.44 – Time series of voltage – Reactive power, expectedreactive power for a given slope
Table A.40 – Reactive power ramp rate calculation
138 A.9.6 Power factor control
Figure A.45 – Time series of active power, reactive power,power factor and power factor reference
Table A.41 – Voltage control Q(U) – slope test
139 Table A.42 – Power factor control test
140 A.9.7 Communication error / fallback scenarios
Figure A.46 – Time-series of active power setpoint, active power and available power and failure time point (case 1 to case 3)
Table A.43 – Communication error test – Failure on external interface (example)
Table A.44 – Failure of PPC or communication between PPC and PGUs (example)
Table A.45 – Failure of grid data measurement (example)
141 Figure A.47 – Graph for communication error test (example)
Table A.46 – Communication error test – Failure on external interface (example)
Table A.47 – Failure of PPC or communication between PPC and PGUs (example)
Table A.48 – Failure of grid data measurement (example)
142 Annex B (informative)Harmonic evaluation
B.1 Harmonic estimation at the point of interest
B.2 Background harmonic distortion
143 B.3 Harmonic summation
B.4 Harmonic propagation studies
144 B.5 PP harmonic contribution evaluation
B.5.1 General
B.5.2 Incremental PP harmonic contribution based on simulations
B.5.3 PP electromagnetic compatibility analysis based on simulations
Figure B.1 – Simplified representation for the PP connected to the externalgrid used for the estimation of incremental harmonic contribution at POC orany other point of interest
145 B.5.4 Harmonic measurements at the POC
Figure B.2 – Simplified representation of the PP for harmonic propagation studies including the harmonic background and PGU’s non-ideal harmonic voltage source
146 Annex C (informative)Validation procedure for PP
Table C.1 – Recommended assessment methods forthe validation of the electrical capabilities of the PP
148 Annex D (informative)Measurement accuracy
Table D.1 – Voltage transducer (VT) in MV, HV and EHV
149 Table D.2 – Current transducer (CT) in MV, HV und EHV
151 Bibliography

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