IEC 62271-100:2021 is applicable to three-phase AC circuit-breakers designed for indoor or outdoor installation and for operation at frequencies of 50 Hz and/or 60 Hz on systems having voltages above 1 000 V. This document includes only direct testing methods for making-breaking tests. For synthetic testing methods refer to IEC 62271-101. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2008, Amendment 1:2012 and Amendment 2:2017. This edition constitutes a technical revision. The main changes with respect to the previous edition are listed below: – the document has been updated to IEC 62271-1:2017; – Amendments 1 and 2 have been included; – the definitions have been updated, terms not used have been removed; – Subclauses 7.102 through 7.108 have been restructured.

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1	30449827
303	A-30374786
304	undefined
307	Annex ZA (normative)Normative references to international publicationswith their corresponding European publications
309	English CONTENTS
318	FOREWORD
320	1 Scope 2 Normative references
321	3 Terms and definitions
322	3.1 General terms and definitions
326	3.2 Assemblies 3.3 Parts of assemblies 3.4 Switching devices
328	3.5 Parts of circuit-breakers
332	3.6 Operational characteristics
334	3.7 Characteristic quantities
336	Figures Figure 1 – Typical oscillogram of a three-phase short-circuit make-break cycle
337	Figure 2 – Circuit-breaker without switching resistors – Opening and closing operations
338	Figure 3 – Circuit breaker without switching resistors – Close-open cycle
339	Figure 4 – Circuit-breaker without switching resistors – Reclosing (auto-reclosing)
340	Figure 5 – Circuit-breaker with switching resistors – Opening and closing operations
341	Figure 6 – Circuit-breaker with switching resistors – Close-open cycle
342	Figure 7 – Circuit-breaker with switching resistors – Reclosing (auto-reclosing)
350	3.8 Index of definitions
354	4 Normal and special service conditions 5 Ratings 5.1 General
355	5.2 Rated voltage (Ur) 5.3 Rated insulation level (Ud, Up, Us) 5.4 Rated frequency (fr) 5.5 Rated continuous current (Ir) 5.6 Rated short-time withstand current (Ik) 5.7 Rated peak withstand current (Ip) 5.8 Rated duration of short-circuit (tk) 5.9 Rated supply voltage of auxiliary and control circuits (Ua) 5.10 Rated supply frequency of auxiliary and control circuits 5.11 Rated pressure of compressed gas supply for controlled pressure systems
356	5.101 Rated short-circuit breaking current (Isc)
357	Figure 8 – Determination of short-circuit making and breaking currents,and of percentage DC component
358	Figure 9 – Percentage DC component in relation to the time interval fromthe initiation of the short-circuit for the different time constants
359	5.102 Rated first-pole-to-clear factor (kpp) 5.103 Rated short-circuit making current 5.104 Rated operating sequence 5.105 Rated out-of-phase making and breaking current
360	5.106 Rated capacitive currents
361	Tables Table 1 – Preferred values of rated capacitive currents
362	6 Design and construction 6.1 Requirements for liquids 6.2 Requirements for gases 6.3 Earthing
363	6.4 Auxiliary and control equipment and circuits 6.5 Dependent power operation 6.6 Stored energy operation 6.7 Independent unlatched operation (independent manual or power operation) 6.8 Manually operated actuators 6.9 Operation of releases
364	6.10 Pressure/level indication 6.10.1 Gas pressure
365	6.10.2 Liquid level 6.11 Nameplates
366	Table 2 – Nameplate information
367	6.12 Locking devices 6.13 Position indication 6.14 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures 6.15 Creepage distances for outdoor insulators 6.16 Gas and vacuum tightness 6.17 Tightness for liquid systems 6.18 Fire hazard (flammability) 6.19 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) 6.20 X-ray emission 6.21 Corrosion
368	6.22 Filling levels for insulation, switching and/or operation 6.101 Requirements for simultaneity of poles during single closing and single opening operations 6.102 General requirement for operation 6.103 Pressure limits of fluids for operation
369	6.104 Vent outlets 6.105 Time quantities 6.106 Mechanical loads
370	6.107 Circuit-breaker classification Table 3 – Examples of static horizontal and vertical forces for static terminal load
371	Table 4 – Number of mechanical operations
372	7 Type tests 7.1 General 7.1.1 Basics
373	7.1.2 Information for identification of test objects 7.1.3 Information to be included in type-test reports Table 5 – Type tests
374	7.2 Dielectric tests 7.2.1 General Table 6 – Invalid tests
375	7.2.2 Ambient air conditions during tests 7.2.3 Wet test procedure 7.2.4 Arrangement of the equipment 7.2.5 Criteria to pass the test 7.2.6 Application of test voltage and test conditions 7.2.7 Tests of switchgear and controlgear of Ur ≤ 245 kV 7.2.8 Tests of switchgear and controlgear of Ur > 245 kV
376	7.2.9 Artificial pollution tests for outdoor insulators
377	7.2.10 Partial discharge tests 7.2.11 Dielectric tests on auxiliary and control circuits 7.2.12 Voltage test as a condition check Table 7 – Test requirements for voltage tests as condition checkfor metal-enclosed circuit-breakers
379	7.3 Radio interference voltage (RIV) test 7.4 Resistance measurement
380	7.5 Continuous current tests 7.5.1 Condition of the test object 7.5.2 Arrangement of the equipment 7.5.3 Test current and duration 7.5.4 Temperature measurement during the test 7.5.5 Resistance of the main circuit 7.5.6 Criteria to pass the test
381	7.6 Short-time withstand current and peak withstand current tests 7.6.1 General 7.6.2 Arrangement of the equipment and of the test circuit 7.6.3 Test current and duration 7.6.4 Conditions of the test object after test 7.7 Verification of the protection 7.7.1 Verification of the IP coding 7.7.2 Verification of the IK coding 7.8 Tightness tests 7.9 Electromagnetic compatibility tests (EMC)
382	7.10 Additional tests on auxiliary and control circuits 7.10.1 General 7.10.2 Functional tests 7.10.3 Verification of the operational characteristics of the auxiliary contacts 7.10.4 Environmental tests 7.10.5 Dielectric test 7.11 X-radiation test procedure for vacuum interrupters 7.101 Mechanical and environmental tests
386	Table 8 – Number of operating sequences
389	Figure 10 – Example of wind velocity measurement
391	Figure 11 – Test sequence for low temperature test
392	Figure 12 – Test sequence for high temperature test
394	Figure 13 – Humidity test
395	7.102 Miscellaneous provisions for making and breaking tests
398	Figure 14 – Example of reference mechanical characteristics (idealised curve)
399	Figure 15 – Reference mechanical characteristics of Figure 14with the envelopes centred over the reference curve (+5 %, –5 %)
400	Figure 16 – Reference mechanical characteristics of Figure 14with the envelope fully displaced upward from the reference curve (+10 %, –0 %) Figure 17 – Reference mechanical characteristics of Figure 14with the envelope fully displaced downward from the reference curve (+0 %, –10 %)
402	Figure 18 – Equivalent testing set-up for unit testing of circuit-breakerswith more than one separate making and breaking units
403	Figure 19 – Earthing of test circuits for single-phase short-circuit tests,kpp = 1,5
404	Figure 20 – Earthing of test circuits for single-phase short-circuit tests,kpp = 1,3 Figure 21 – Test circuit for single-phase out-of-phase tests
405	Figure 22 – Test circuit for out-of-phase tests using two voltagesseparated by 120 electrical degrees Figure 23 – Test circuit for out-of-phase tests with one terminal of the circuit-breaker earthed (subject to agreement of the manufacturer)
406	Figure 24 – Example of prospective test TRV with four-parameter envelopewhich satisfies the conditions to be met during type test –Case of specified TRV with four-parameter reference line
407	Figure 25 – Example of prospective test TRV with two-parameter envelopewhich satisfies the conditions to be met during type test:case of specified TRV with two-parameter reference line
408	Figure 26 – Example of prospective test TRV-waves andtheir combined envelope in two-part test
413	7.103 General considerations for making and breaking tests
415	Figure 27 – Earthing of test circuits for three-phase short-circuit tests, kpp = 1,5
416	Figure 28 – Earthing of test circuits for three-phase short-circuit tests, kpp = 1,3
418	Figure 29 – Determination of power frequency recovery voltage
419	Table 9 – Standard values of ITRV – Rated voltages 100 kV and above
420	7.104 Demonstration of arcing times
421	Figure 30 – Graphical representation of the time parameters for the demonstrationof arcing times in three-phase tests of test-duty T100a
422	Figure 31 – Graphical representation of an example of the three validsymmetrical breaking operations for kpp = 1,5
423	Figure 32 – Graphical representation of the three valid symmetrical breakingoperations for kpp = 1,2 or 1,3
424	Table 10 – Last current loop parameters in three-phase testsand in single-phase tests in substitution for three-phase conditionsin relation with short-circuit test-duty T100a – Tests for 50 Hz operation
425	Table 11 – Last current loop parameters in three-phase testsand in single-phase tests in substitution for three-phase conditionsin relation with short-circuit test-duty T100a – Tests for 60 Hz operation
427	Figure 33 – Graphical representation of an example of the three valid asymmetrical breaking operations for kpp = 1,5
428	Figure 34 – Graphical representation of an example of the three valid asymmetrical breaking operations for kpp = 1,2 or 1,3
429	Table 12 – Prospective TRV parameters for single-phase tests in substitution for three-phase tests to demonstrate the breaking of the second-pole-to-clear for kpp = 1,3
430	Table 13 – Prospective TRV parameters for single-phase tests in substitution for three-phase tests to demonstrate the breaking of the third-pole-to-clear for kpp = 1,3
432	Figure 35 – Example of a graphical representation of the three valid symmetrical breaking operations for single-phase tests in substitution of three-phase conditionsfor kpp = 1,5
433	Figure 36 – Example of a graphical representation of an example of the three valid symmetrical breaking operations for single-phase tests in substitution of three-phase conditions for kpp = 1,2 or 1,3
435	Figure 37 – Example of a graphical representation of an example of the three valid asymmetrical breaking operations for single-phase tests in substitution of three-phase conditions for kpp = 1,5
436	Figure 38 – Example of a graphical representation of an example of the three valid asymmetrical breaking operations for single-phase tests in substitution of three-phasefor kpp = 1,2 and 1,3
437	Table 14 – Standard multipliers for TRV values for second and third clearing poles Table 15 – Arcing window for tests with symmetrical current
438	Figure 39 – Graphical representation of the arcing window andthe pole factor kp, determining the TRV of the individual pole,for systems with a kpp of 1,2 Figure 40 – Graphical representation of the arcing window and the pole factor kp, determining the TRV of the individual pole, for systems with a kpp of 1,3
439	7.105 Short-circuit test quantities Figure 41 – Graphical representation of the arcing window and the pole factor kp, determining the TRV of the individual pole, for systems with a kpp of 1,5
442	Figure 42 – Representation of a specified TRV by a 4-parameterreference line and a delay line
443	Figure 43 – Representation of a specified TRV by a two-parameterreference line and a delay line Figure 44 – Basic circuit for terminal fault with ITRV
444	Figure 45 – Representation of ITRV in relationship to TRV
445	Table 16 – Values of prospective TRV for class S1 circuit-breakers rated for kpp = 1,5
447	Table 17 – Values of prospective TRV for class S1 circuit-breakers rated for kpp = 1,3
449	Table 18 – Values of prospective TRV for class S2 circuit-breakers rated for kpp = 1,5
451	Table 19 – Values of prospective TRV for class S2 circuit-breakers rated for kpp = 1,3
454	Table 20 – Values of prospective TRV for circuit-breakers rated for kpp = 1,2 or 1,3 – Rated voltages of 100 kV and above
456	Table 21 – Values of prospective TRV for circuit-breakers rated for kpp = 1,5 –Rated voltages of 100 kV to 170 kV
458	Figure 46 – Example of line transient voltage with time delay with non-linear rate of rise
459	Table 22 – Values of prospective TRV for out-of-phase testson class S1 circuit-breakers for kpp = 2,5
460	Table 23 – Values of prospective TRV for out-of-phase testson class S1 circuit-breakers for kpp = 2,0 Table 24 – Values of prospective TRV for out-of-phase testson class S2 circuit-breakers for kpp = 2,5
461	Table 25 – Values of prospective TRV for out-of-phase tests onclass S2 circuit-breakers for kpp = 2,0 Table 26 – Values of prospective TRV for out-of-phase tests on circuit-breakersrated for kpp = 2,5 – Rated voltages of 100 kV to 170 kV
462	7.106 Short-circuit test procedure Table 27 – Values of prospective TRV for out-of-phase tests on circuit-breakersrated for kpp = 2,0 – Rated voltages of 100 kV and above
464	7.107 Terminal fault tests
468	7.108 Additional short-circuit tests
469	Figure 47 – Necessity of additional single-phase tests and requirements for testing
470	Table 28 – Prospective TRV parameters for single-phase and double-earth fault tests
471	7.109 Short-line fault tests
472	Table 29 – Values of line characteristics for short-line faults
473	Figure 48 – Basic circuit arrangement for short-line fault testing and prospective TRV-circuit-type a) according to 7.109.3: Source side and line side with time delay
474	Figure 49 – Basic circuit arrangement for short-line fault testing – circuit type b1)according to 7.109.3: Source side with ITRV and line side with time delay
475	Figure 50 – Basic circuit arrangement for short-line fault testing – circuit type b2)according to 7.109.3: Source side with time delay and line side without time delay
476	Figure 51 – Example of a line side transient voltage with time delay
477	Figure 52 – Flow chart for the choice of short-line fault test circuits
479	Figure 53 – Compensation of deficiency of the source side time delayby an increase of the excursion of the line side voltage
481	Table 30 – Values of prospective TRV for the supply circuit of short-line fault tests
482	7.110 Out-of-phase making and breaking tests
483	Table 31 – Test-duties to demonstrate the out-of-phase rating
484	7.111 Capacitive current tests
486	Table 32 – Specified values of u1, t1, uc and t2
488	Table 33 – Common requirements for test-duties
495	Figure 54 – Recovery voltage for capacitive current breaking tests
497	Figure 55 – Reclassification procedure for line and cable-charging current tests
498	7.112 Requirements for making and breaking tests on class E2 circuit-breakers having a rated voltage above 1 kV up to and including 52 kV Figure 56 – Reclassification procedure for capacitor bank current tests
499	8 Routine tests 8.1 General Table 34 – Operating sequence for electrical endurance test on class E2circuit-breakers for auto-reclosing duty
500	8.2 Dielectric test on the main circuit Table 35 – Application of voltage for dielectric test on the main circuit
501	Table 36 – Test voltage for partial discharge test
502	8.3 Tests on auxiliary and control circuits 8.4 Measurement of the resistance of the main circuit 8.5 Tightness test 8.6 Design and visual checks 8.101 Mechanical operating tests
504	9 Guide to the selection of switchgear and controlgear (informative) 9.101 General
506	9.102 Selection of rated values for service conditions
508	9.103 Selection of rated values for fault conditions
512	9.104 Selection for electrical endurance in networks of rated voltage above 1 kV and up to and including 52 kV 9.105 Selection for switching of capacitive loads 10 Information to be given with enquiries, tenders and orders (informative) 10.1 General 10.2 Information with enquiries and orders
513	10.3 Information to be given with tenders
515	11 Transport, storage, installation, operation instructions and maintenance 11.1 General 11.2 Conditions during transport, storage and installation 11.3 Installation
521	11.4 Operating instructions 11.5 Maintenance
522	11.101 Resistors and capacitors 12 Safety 13 Influence of the product on the environment
523	Annexes Annex A (normative)Calculation of TRVs for short-line faultsfrom rated characteristics A.1 Basic approach
525	Figure A.1 – Typical graph of line and source side TRV parameters –Line side and source side with time delay Table A.1 – Ratios of voltage-drop and source-side TRV
526	A.2 Transient voltage on line side A.3 Transient voltage on source side A.3.1 Rated voltages of 100 kV and above
528	Figure A.2 – Actual course of the source side TRVfor short-line fault L90, L75 and L60
529	Figure A.3 – Typical graph of line and source side TRV parameters –Line side and source side with time delay, source side with ITRV
530	A.3.2 Rated voltages equal and higher than 15 kV and below 100 kV A.4 Examples of calculations A.4.1 General
531	A.4.2 Test circuit with source side and line side with time delay (L90 and L75 for 245 kV, 50 kA, 50 Hz)
532	A.4.3 Circuit with source side with ITRV, line side with time delay (L90 for 245 kV, 50 kA, 50 Hz)
533	Annex B (normative)Tolerances on test quantities during type tests
534	Table B.1 – Tolerances on test quantities for type tests
542	Annex C (normative)Records and reports of type tests C.1 Information and results to be recorded C.2 Information to be included in type test reports C.2.1 General C.2.2 Apparatus tested C.2.3 Rated characteristics of circuit-breaker, including its operating devices and auxiliary equipment
543	C.2.4 Test conditions (for each series of tests) C.2.5 Short-circuit making and breaking tests C.2.6 Short-time withstand current test
544	C.2.7 No-load operation C.2.8 Out-of-phase making and breaking tests C.2.9 Capacitive current tests
545	C.2.10 Oscillographic and other records
546	Annex D (normative)Method of determination of the prospective TRV D.1 General D.2 Drawing the envelope
547	D.3 Determination of parameters
548	Figure D.1 – Representation by four parameters of a prospective TRV of a circuit –Case D.2 c) 1) Figure D.2 – Representation by four parameters of a prospective TRV of a circuit –Case D.2 c) 2)
549	Figure D.3 – Representation by four parameters of a prospective TRV of a circuit –Case D.2 c) 3) i) Figure D.4 – Representation by two parameters of a prospective TRV of a circuit –Case D.2 c) 3) ii)
550	Annex E (normative)Methods of determining prospective TRV waves E.1 General
551	Figure E.1 – Effect of depression on the peak value of the TRV
552	E.2 General summary of the recommended methods
553	E.3 Detailed consideration of the recommended methods E.3.1 Group 1 – Direct short-circuit breaking Figure E.2 – Breaking with arc-voltage present
554	Figure E.3 – TRV in case of ideal breaking Figure E.4 – Breaking with pronounced premature current-zero
555	Figure E.5 – Relationship between the values of current and TRV occurring in testand those prospective to the system
556	E.3.2 Group 2 – Power-frequency current injection Figure E.6 – Breaking with post-arc current
557	Figure E.7 – Schematic diagram of power-frequency current injection apparatus
558	Figure E.8 – Sequence of operation of power-frequency current injection apparatus
559	E.3.3 Group 3 – Capacitor current injection
560	Figure E.9 – Schematic diagram of capacitance injection apparatus
561	E.3.4 Groups 2 and 3 – Methods of calibration Figure E.10 – Sequence of operation of capacitor-injection apparatus
563	E.3.5 Group 4 – Model networks E.3.6 Group 5 – Calculation from circuit parameters E.3.7 Group 6 – No-load switching of test circuits including transformers
564	E.3.8 Group 7 – Combination of different methods E.4 Comparison of methods
565	Table E.1 – Methods for determination of prospective TRV
568	Annex F (informative)Requirements for breaking of transformer-limited faults bycircuit-breakers with rated voltage higher than 1 kV F.1 General Figure F.1 – First example of transformer-limited fault(also called transformer-fed fault)
569	F.2 Circuit-breakers with rated voltage less than 100 kV Figure F.2 – Second example of transformer-limited fault(also called transformer-secondary fault)
570	Table F.1 – Required values of prospective TRV for T30, for circuit-breakers intended to be connected to a transformer with a connection of small capacitance – Rated voltage higher than 1 kV and less than 100 kV for non-effectively earthed neutral systems
571	F.3 Circuit-breakers with rated voltage from 100 kV to 800 kV F.4 Circuit-breakers with rated voltage higher than 800 kV Table F.2 – Required values of prospective TRV for circuit-breakers with rated voltages higher than 800 kV intended to be connected to a transformer with a connection of low capacitance
572	Annex G (normative)Use of mechanical characteristics and related requirements
573	Annex H (normative)Requirements for making and breaking test proceduresfor metal-enclosed and dead tank circuit-breakers H.1 General H.2 Reduced number of making and breaking units for testing purposes
574	H.3 Tests for single pole in one enclosure H.3.1 General H.3.2 Terminal fault tests H.3.3 Capacitive current tests
575	Figure H.1 – Test configuration considered in Table H.1, Table H.2 and Table H.3 Table H.1 – Three-phase capacitive current breaking in service conditions:voltages on the source-side, load-side, and recovery voltages
576	Table H.2 – Corresponding capacitive current-breaking tests in accordancewith 7.111.7 for single-phase laboratory tests. Values of voltageson the source-side, load-side, and recovery voltages
577	H.4 Tests for three poles in one enclosure H.4.1 Terminal fault tests H.4.2 Capacitive current tests
578	Table H.3 – Capacitive current breaking in actual service conditions:maximum typical voltage values
579	Annex I (normative)Requirements for circuit-breakers with opening resistors I.1 General I.2 Switching performance to be verified I.2.1 General Figure I.1 – Typical system configuration for breakingby a circuit-breaker with opening resistors
580	I.2.2 Tests of the making and breaking unit
581	Figure I.2 – Test circuit for test-duties T60 and T100
582	Figure I.3 – Test circuit for test-duties T10, T30 and OP2
583	Table I.1 – Results of the TRV calculation for terminal faults and out-of-phase
584	Figure I.4 – Example of an underdamped TRV for T100s(b),Ur = 1 100 kV Isc = 50 kA, fr = 50 Hz
585	Figure I.5 – Example of an overdamped TRV for T10,Ur = 1 100 kV Isc = 50 kA, fr = 50 Hz
586	Figure I.6 – Example of a test circuit for short-line fault test-duty L90
587	Figure I.7 – Example of real line simulation for short-line fault test-duty L90based on Ur = 1 100 kV, Isc = 50 kA and fr = 50 Hz Table I.2 – Results of the TRV calculation for test-duty L90
589	I.2.3 Tests on the resistor switch Figure I.8 – Typical recovery voltage waveshape of capacitive current breakingon a circuit-breaker equipped with opening resistors
590	Figure I.9 – Typical recovery voltage waveshape of T10(based on Ur = 1 100 kV, Isc = 50 kA and fr = 50 Hz) on the resistorswitch of a circuit-breaker equipped with opening resistors Table I.3 – Results of the TRV calculations for test-duty T10
591	I.2.4 Tests of the resistor stack
592	I.3 Insertion time of the resistor I.4 Current carrying performance I.5 Dielectric performance I.6 Mechanical performance I.7 Requirements for the specification of opening resistors I.8 Examples of recovery voltage waveshapes I.8.1 General
593	I.8.2 Terminal faults Figure I.10 – TRV waveshapes for high short-circuit current breaking operation
594	Figure I.11 – Currents in case of high short-circuit current breaking operation
595	Figure I.12 – TRV shapes for low short-circuit current breaking operation
596	I.8.3 Line-charging current breaking Figure I.13 – Currents in case of low short-circuit current breaking operation
597	Figure I.14 – Voltage waveshapes for line-charging current breaking operation
598	Figure I.15 – Current waveshapes for line-charging current breaking operation
599	Annex J (normative)Verification of capacitive current breakingin presence of single or two-phase earth faults J.1 General J.2 Test voltage J.3 Test current
600	J.4 Test-duty J.5 Criteria to pass the tests
601	Bibliography

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
BSI	2022	604


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Status	Withdrawn
Pages	604
Publication Date	2022-02-15
Withdrawn Date	2021-02-08
ISBN	978 0 539 20701 9
Standard Number	BS EN IEC 62271-100:2021 – TC
Title	Tracked Changes. High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Alternating current circuit-breakers
Descriptors	Electric control equipment, Electrical testing, Rated current, Rated power, Electrical protection equipment, High-voltage equipment, Electrical equipment, Circuit-breakers, Alternating current, Switchgear, Performance testing, Type testing, Rated voltage
Publisher	BSI
Committee	PEL/17
ICS Codes	29.130.10 - High voltage switchgear and controlgear

BS EN IEC 62271-100:2021 – TC:2022 Edition

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