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This International Standard provides methods for the determination of radio-frequency (RF) field strength and specific absorption rate (SAR) in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations (RBS) for the purpose of evaluating human exposure.

This standard:

considers RBS which transmit on one or more antennas using one or more frequencies in the range 300 MHz to 6 GHz;
describes several RF field strength and SAR measurement and computation methodologies with guidance on their applicability to address both the in situ evaluation of installed RBS and laboratory-based evaluations;
describes how surveyors with a sufficient level of expertise shall establish their specific evaluation procedures appropriate for their evaluation purpose;
considers the evaluation purposes, namely:
1. product conformity: to establish that a RBS conforms to a defined set of limit conditions under its intended use;
2. compliance boundary: to establish the compliance boundary or boundaries for a RBS in relation to a defined set of limit conditions;
3. to evaluate RF field strength or SAR values at one or more evaluation locations, namely:
  1. evaluation location(s) at arbitrary locations outside the control boundary to provide information for interested parties;
  2. evaluation location(s) at the control boundary to confirm validity of control boundary;
  3. evaluation location(s) within the control boundary with the specific conditions relevant to investigate an alleged over-exposure incident;
provides guidance on how to report, interpret and compare results from different evaluation methodologies and, where the evaluation purpose requires it, determine a justified decision against a limit value;
provides informative guidance on how to evaluate ambient RF field strength levels in the vicinity of a RBS from RF sources other than the RBS under evaluation and at frequencies within and outside the range 300 MHz to 6 GHz;
provides short descriptions of the informative example case studies to aid the surveyor given in the companion Technical Report IEC 62669 [54].

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
4	CONTENTS
9	FOREWORD
11	INTRODUCTION
12	1 Scope
13	2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions
19	4 Symbols and abbreviated terms 4.1 Physical quantities 4.2 Constants 4.3 Abbreviations
20	5 Developing the evaluation plan 5.1 Overview
21	5.2 Key tasks
22	Tables Table 1 – Checklist for the evaluation plan
23	6 Evaluation methods 6.1 Overview Figures Figure 1 – Overview of evaluation methods
24	6.2 Measurement methods Figure 2 – Overview of RF field strength measurement methods
32	Table 2 – Sample template for estimating the expanded uncertainty of a RF field strength measurement that used a frequency-selective instrument
33	Table 3 – Sample template for estimating the expanded uncertainty of a RF field strength measurement that used a broadband instrument
35	Figure 3 – Positioning of the EUT relative to the relevant phantom
38	6.3 Computation methods
39	Figure 4 – Overview of computation methods
40	Table 4 – Applicability of computation methodsfor source-environment regions of Figure B.1
41	Figure 5 – Reflection due to the presence of a ground plane
42	Figure 6 – Enclosed cylinder around collinear arrays,with and without electrical downtilt
43	Figure 7 – Directions for which SAR estimation expressions are given
44	Table 5 – Applicability of SAR estimation formulae
46	Figure 8 – Ray tracing (synthetic model) geometry and parameters
48	Table 6 – Sample template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a ray tracing RF field strength computation
51	Table 7 – Sample template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a full wave RF field strength computation
53	Table 8 – Sample template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a full wave SAR computation
54	6.4 Extrapolation from the evaluated SAR / RF field strength to the required assessment condition
56	6.5 Summation of multiple RF fields
57	7 Uncertainty 7.1 Background 7.2 Requirement to estimate uncertainty
58	7.3 How to estimate uncertainty 7.4 Uncertainty bounds on measurement equipment influence quantities 7.5 Applying uncertainty for compliance assessments
59	8 Reporting 8.1 Background 8.2 Evaluation report
61	8.3 Interpretation of results
62	Annex A (normative) Developing the evaluation plan
64	Table A.1 – Measurand validity for evaluation points in each source region
66	Table A.3 – Selecting in situ or laboratory measurementfrom evaluation purpose and RBS category
68	Table A.5 – Guidance on selecting RF field strength measurement procedures
70	Table A.7 – Guidance on specific evaluation method ranking
71	Annex B (normative) Defining the source-environment plane Figure B.1 – Source-environment plane concept
72	Figure B.2 – Geometry of an antenna with largest linear dimension Leff and largest end dimension Lend
73	Table B.1 – Definition of source regions Table B.2 – Default source region boundaries
74	Table B.3 – Source region boundaries for antennas with maximum dimension less than 2,5 λ Table B.4 – Source region boundaries for linear/planar antenna arrayswith a maximum dimension greater than or equal to 2,5 λ
75	Table B.5 – Source region boundaries for equiphase radiation aperture (e.g. dish) antennas with maximum reflector dimension much greater than a wavelength Table B.6 – Source region boundaries for leaky feeders
77	Figure B.3 – Maximum path difference for an antenna with largest linear dimension L Table B.7 – Far-field distance r measured in metres as a function of angle β
79	Figure B.4 – Example source-environment plane regions near a roof-top antenna which has a narrow vertical (elevation plane) beamwidth (not to scale)
80	Annex C (informative) Guidance on the application of the standard to specific evaluation purposes
81	Figure C.1 – Example of complex compliance boundary Figure C.2 – Example of circular cylindrical compliance boundaries: (a) sector coverage antenna, (b) horizontally omnidirectional antenna
82	Figure C.3 – Example of parallelepipedic compliance boundary Figure C.4 – Example illustrating the linear scaling procedure
85	Figure C.5 – Example investigation process
86	Annex D (normative) Evaluation parameters Figure D.1 – Cylindrical, cartesian and spherical coordinatesrelative to the RBS antenna
87	Table D.1 – Dimension variables Table D.2 – RF power variables
88	Table D.3 – Antenna variables
89	Table D.4 – Measurand variables
90	Annex E (normative) RF field strength measurement equipment requirements Table E.1 – Broadband measurement system requirements Table E.2 – Frequency-selective measurement system requirements
91	Annex F (informative) Basic computation implementation Figure F.1 – Reference frame employed for cylindrical formulae for field strength computation at a point P (left), and on a line perpendicular to boresight (right)
92	Figure F.2 – Two (a) and three (b) dimensional views illustrating the three valid zones for field strength computation around an antenna
93	Table F.1 – Definition of boundaries for selecting the zone of computation
95	Table F.2 – Definition of
97	Figure F.3 – Leaky feeder geometry
99	Annex G (normative) Advanced computation implementation
103	Annex H (normative) Validation of computation methods Figure H.1 – Cylindrical formulae reference results Table H.1 – Input parameters for cylinder and spherical formulae validation
104	Figure H.2 – Spherical formulae reference results Table H.2 – Input parameters for SAR estimation formulae validation Table H.3 – SAR10g and SARwb estimation formulae reference results for Table H.2 parameters
106	Figure H.4 – Antenna parameters for ray tracing algorithm validation example
107	Table H.4 – Ray tracing power density reference results
108	Figure H.5 – Generic 900 MHz RBS antenna with nine dipole radiators Figure H.6 – Line 1, 2 and 3 near-field positions for full wave and ray tracing validation
109	Table H.5 – Validation 1 full wave field reference results
110	Figure H.7 – Generic 1 800 MHz RBS antenna with five slot radiators Table H.6 – Validation 2 full wave field reference results
111	Figure H.8 – RBS antenna placed in front of a multi-layered lossy cylinder Table H.7 – Validation reference SAR results for computation method
112	Annex I (informative) Guidance on spatial averaging schemes
113	Figure I.1 – Spatial averaging schemes relative to foot support level Figure I.2 – Spatial averaging relative to spatial-peak field strength point height
114	Annex J (informative) Guidance on addressing time variation of signals in measurement
115	Annex K (informative) Guidance on determining ambient field levels
117	Figure K.1 – Evaluation locations
119	Annex L (informative) Guidance on comparing evaluated parameters with a limit value
121	Annex M (informative) Guidance on assessment schemes
122	Table M.1 – Examples of general assessment schemes
124	Figure M.2 – Evaluation of compliance with limit Table M.2 – Determining target uncertainty
127	Table M.3 – Monte Carlo simulation of 10 000 trials both surveyorand auditor using best estimate Table M.4 – Monte Carlo simulation of 10 000 trials both surveyorand auditor using target uncertainty of 4 dB
128	Table M.5 – Monte Carlo simulation of 10 000 trials surveyor uses upper 95 % CI vs. auditor uses lower 95 % CI
129	Annex N (informative) Guidance on specific technologies
130	Table N.1 – Technology specific information
135	Figure N.1 – Spectral occupancy for GMSK
136	Figure N.2 – Spectral occupancy for CDMA
137	Table N.2 – Example of spectrum analyser settings for an integration per service
138	Table N.3 – Example constant power components for specific technologies
139	Figure N.3 – Channel allocation for a WCDMA signal Table N.4 – CDMA decoder requirements
140	Table N.5 – Signals configuration Table N.6 – CDMA generator setting for power linearity
141	Table N.7 – WCDMA generator setting for decoder calibration Table N.8 – CDMA generator setting for reflection coefficient measurement
142	Figure N.4 – Example of Wi-Fi frames Figure N.5 – Channel occupation versus the integration time for 802.11b standard
143	Figure N.6 – Channel occupation versus nominal throughput ratefor 802.11b/g standards Figure N.7 – Wi-Fi spectrum trace snapshot
145	Figure N.8 – Plan view representation of statistical conservative model
151	Figure N.9 – Binomial cumulative probability function for N = 24, PR = 0,125
152	Figure N.10 – Binomial cumulative probability function for N = 18, PR = 2/7
153	Annex O (informative) Guidance on uncertainty
158	Figure O.2 – Plot of the calibration factors for E (not E2)provided from an example calibration report for an electric field probe
161	Table O.1 – Guidance on minimum separation distances for some dipole lengths to ensure that the uncertainty does not exceed 5 % or 10 % in a measurement of E.
162	Table O.2 – Guidance on minimum separation distances for some loop diameters to ensure that the uncertainty does notexceed 5 % or 10 % in a measurement of H. Table O.3 – Example minimum separation conditionsfor selected dipole lengths for 10 % uncertainty in E
163	Figure O.3 – Computational model used for the variational analysis of reflected RF fields from the front of a surveyor
164	Table O.4 – Standard estimates of dB variation for the perturbations in front of a surveyor due to body reflected fields as described in Figure O.3 Table O.5 – Standard uncertainty (u) estimates for E and H due to body reflections from the surveyor for common radio services derived from estimates provided in Table O.4
167	Annex P (informative) Case studies
168	Figure P.1 – Micro cell case study
169	Figure P.2 – Roof-top case study (a) with nearby apartment buildings (b)
170	Figure P.3 – Roof-top/tower case study (a) in residential area (b)
171	Figure P.4 – Roof-top case study with direct access to antennas
172	Figure P.5 – Roof-top case study with large antennas and no direct access
173	Figure P.6 – Cylindrical compliance boundary determinationfor dual band antenna on building
174	Figure P.7 – Tower case study (a) in parkland (b)
175	Figure P.8 – Multiple towers case study (a) at sports venue (b)
176	Figure P.9 – Office building in building coverage case study
177	Bibliography

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
BSI	2011	184


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Status	Withdrawn
Title	Determination of RF field strength and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
Publisher	BSI
Committee	GEL/106
Pages	184
Publication Date	2011-07-31
Withdrawn Date	2018-02-10
Replaced By	BS EN 62232:2017
ISBN	978 0 580 55621 0
Standard Number	BS IEC 62232:2011
Identical National Standard Of	IEC 62232:2011
Descriptors	Communication equipment, Electromagnetic fields, Absorption, Testing conditions, Magnetic fields, Field strength (electric), Radiofrequencies, Radio transmitters, Measurement, Physiological effects (human body), Telecommunication systems, Radiocommunication, Antennas, Mathematical calculations, Radio antennas, Electromagnetic radiation
ICS Codes	33.070.01 - Mobile services in general

BS IEC 62232:2011

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IEC 62232:2011