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BSI PD CEN/TR 16884:2016

BSI PD CEN/TR 16884:2016

$215.11

Automotive fuels. Diesel fuel. Cold operability testing and fuel performance correlation

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2016 104
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This Technical Report lays down the results of a study on the field correlation of the different cold operability (cold flow and cloud point) test results in relation to actual fuel performance in engines in real world cold conditions (below the fuel’s cloud point). For this work historical data on both manual and automatic tests and on old (1988), current and future engine concepts have been used. Real market distillate fuels and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME), plus common blends thereof, have been investigated.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
4 Contents Page
6 European foreword
7 Introduction
9 1 Scope
2 Cold flow additives
2.1 Application
2.1.1 Diesel fuel characteristics
10 2.1.2 Reasons for using cold flow additives
2.1.3 Wax crystal growth
13 2.1.4 The stages of Wax Crystal Modification
14 2.1.5 Vehicles and fuel systems
15 2.1.6 How cold flow additives improve operability
2.1.7 The different types of cold flow additive
16 2.2 Storage, handling and blending of cold flow additives
2.2.1 Introduction
17 2.2.2 Storage
18 2.2.3 Injection
2.2.4 Blending
20 2.2.5 Example layouts of Cold Flow Additive Injection Facilities
21 2.2.6 Summary
3 Cold flow tests
3.1 Vehicle operability
22 3.2 Assessment of vehicle operability
3.3 Low temperature operability rigs
3.3.1 General
23 3.3.2 Daimler low temperature rig
25 3.3.3 Infineum low temperature rig
26 3.4 Diesel cold flow test methods
3.4.1 Introduction
27 3.4.2 Cloud Point (CP)
28 3.4.3 Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP)
29 3.4.4 CFPP hesitation effect
30 3.4.5 CFPP Type 2 result
31 3.4.6 Simulated Filter Plugging Point (SFPP)
32 3.4.7 Low Temperature Flow Test (LTFT)
3.4.8 Summary of the main low temperature operability lab tests
34 3.4.9 Further test methods
3.4.9.1 General
3.4.9.2 Pour Point (PP)
3.4.9.3 ARAL Short Sediment Test
3.4.9.4 Shell-Esso-DEA-ARAL-BP test (SEDAB)
35 3.4.9.5 AGELFI test for operability
3.4.9.6 Filter Blocking Tendency test (FBT)
36 3.4.9.7 Cold Soak Filter Blocking Tendency test (CS-FBT)
3.5 Summary of improvements made to the CFPP test in the past 15 years
3.5.1 Development of the CFPP test method
37 3.5.2 Evaluation for a proposed new CFPP linear cooling method
38 3.5.3 2007 CFPP equipment manufacturers’ round robin
3.5.4 2008/09 industry round robin
39 3.5.5 2011 industry round robin
40 3.5.6 Comparison of step cooling and linear cooling CFPP methods
41 4 Fuel Quality Trends
4.1 Changes to fuel production
4.1.1 General
4.1.2 Sulfur Content [1]
42 4.1.3 Density
43 4.1.4 Cetane
4.1.5 Distillation
4.1.6 Aromatics
44 4.2 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 The FAME production process
45 4.2.3 General Properties of FAME
46 4.2.4 Specific Issues Relating to Cold Flow
47 4.2.5 Sterol Glucosides
4.2.6 Monoglycerides
4.3 Hydroprocessed Vegetable Oils (HVO)
4.3.1 General
48 4.3.2 The HVO Production Process [4]
4.3.3 Isomerized HVO – cold flow properties
49 4.3.4 Co-processed HVO – cold flow properties
50 4.4 Synthetic Paraffinic Diesel (GTL/BTL)
51 4.5 Distillate Demand Changes
52 4.6 National cold flow choice
56 4.7 Winter Diesel Fuel Surveys
61 5 Vehicle fuelling systems
5.1 Fuel system development
5.1.1 Introduction
63 5.1.2 Development of light duty vehicle fuel systems of Daimler
66 5.1.3 Development of heavy duty Euro VI vehicle fuel systems of Volvo
68 5.2 Vehicle fuel system design considerations in terms of cold operability
74 5.3 Development of fuel filters
75 6 Vehicle operability issues experienced in the field
6.1 Description of field issues
77 6.2 Field issues during recent winters in Germany
78 6.3 Field issues during recent winters in other European countries
79 7 Correlation between vehicle operability and laboratory tests
7.1 Introduction
80 7.2 Summary of DGMK projects
7.2.1 DGMK Project 520 (1997)
83 7.2.2 DGMK Project 580 (1999-2000)
7.2.3 DGMK Project 580-1 (2001)
84 7.2.4 DGMK Project 764 (2013- )
85 7.3 Daimler studies on German winter diesel fuel samples
7.3.1 Background
7.3.2 Test fuels
87 7.3.3 Low temperature performance – lab test results
88 7.3.4 Low temperature performance – vehicle and operability rig tests
90 7.3.5 Relationship between lab tests and Daimler rig and vehicle tests
91 7.4 Opel studies
92 7.5 Results and analysis of WG34 investigations of winter 2011/2012 samples
99 8 Conclusions
102 Bibliography

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BSI PD CEN/TR 16884:2016
$215.11