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BSI PD IEC TR 62001-1:2021

BSI PD IEC TR 62001-1:2021

$215.11

High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems. Guidance to the specification and design evaluation of AC filters – Overview

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BSI 2021 112
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This part of IEC 62001, which is a Technical Report, deals with the specification and design evaluation of AC side harmonic performance and AC side filters for HVDC schemes. It is intended to be primarily for the use of the utilities and consultants who are responsible for issuing the specifications for new HVDC projects and evaluating designs proposed by prospective suppliers.

This document provides guidance on the specifications of AC filters for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems with line-commutated converters and filter performance calculation.

The scope of this document covers AC side filtering for the frequency range of interest in terms of harmonic distortion and audible frequency disturbances. Where the term “HVDC converter” or “HVDC station” is referred to without qualification, in this document, it is understood to refer to LCC technology. It excludes filters designed to be effective in the power line carrier (PLC) and radio interference spectra.

The bulk of this document concentrates on the “conventional” AC filter technology and LCC (line-commutated converter) HVDC. Voltage sourced converter (VSC) specific issues are discussed in CIGRE Technical Brochure 754 [1]2 and in IEC TR 62001-5 [2].

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
4 CONTENTS
9 FOREWORD
11 INTRODUCTION
12 1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
13 4 Outline of specifications of AC filters for HVDC systems
4.1 General
14 4.2 Boundaries of responsibility
16 4.3 Scope of studies
4.4 Scope of supply
17 4.5 Technical data to be supplied by contractor
4.6 Alternative proposals by bidders
18 5 Permissible distortion limits
5.1 General
19 5.2 Voltage distortion
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Definitions of performance criteria
20 5.2.3 Discussion and recommendations
5.2.4 Determination of limits
23 5.2.5 Pre-existing harmonic levels
24 5.2.6 Relaxed limits for short term and infrequent conditions
5.2.7 Treatment of interharmonic frequencies
25 5.3 Distortion limits pertaining to the HV and EHV network equipment
5.3.1 HVAC transmission system equipment
5.3.2 Harmonic currents in synchronous machines
26 5.3.3 Nearby HVDC installations
5.4 Telephone interference
5.4.1 General
5.4.2 Causes of telephone interference
5.4.3 Definitions of performance criteria
27 5.4.4 Discussion
5.4.5 Determination of limits
29 5.4.6 Pre-existing harmonic levels
5.4.7 Limits for temporary conditions
30 5.5 Special criteria
6 Harmonic generation
6.1 General
6.2 Converter harmonic generation
6.2.1 Idealized conditions
31 Figures
Figure 1 – Idealized current waveforms on the AC side of converter transformer
32 6.2.2 Realistic conditions
Figure 2 – Realistic current waveforms on the AC side of converter transformer including effect of non-idealities
33 Figure 3 – Comparison of harmonic content of current waveform under idealized and realistic conditions
34 6.3 Calculation methodology
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Harmonic currents for performance, rating and other calculations
35 6.3.3 Combining harmonics from different converter bridges
6.3.4 Consistent sets
36 6.3.5 Harmonic generation for different DC power ranges
Figure 4 – Typical variation of characteristic harmonic magnitude with direct current
37 6.4 Sensitivity of harmonic generation to various factors
6.4.1 Direct current, control angle and commutation overlap
6.4.2 Effect of asymmetries on characteristic harmonics
6.4.3 Converter equipment parameter tolerances
38 6.4.4 Tap steps
6.4.5 Theoretically cancelled harmonics
6.4.6 Negative and zero sequence voltages
39 6.4.7 Converter transformer saturation
6.4.8 Harmonic interaction across the converter
40 6.4.9 Back-to-back systems
6.5 Externally generated harmonics
7 Filter arrangements
7.1 Overview
41 7.2 Advantages and disadvantages of typical filters
42 7.3 Classification of filter types
7.4 Tuned filters
7.4.1 Single tuned filters
43 Figure 5 – Single tuned filter and frequency response
44 7.4.2 Double tuned filters
Figure 6 – Double tuned filter and frequency response
46 7.4.3 Triple tuned filters
Figure 7 – Triple tuned filter and frequency response
47 7.5 Damped filters
7.5.1 Single tuned damped filters
48 Figure 8 – 2nd order damped filter and frequency response
Figure 9 – 3rd order damped filter and frequency response
49 Figure 10 – C-type filter and frequency response
50 7.5.2 Double tuned damped filters
Figure 11 – Double tuned damped filter and frequency response
51 7.6 Choice of filters
52 8 Filter performance calculation
8.1 Calculation procedure
8.1.1 General
8.1.2 Input data
8.1.3 Methodology
53 8.1.4 Calculation of converter harmonic currents
Figure 12 – Circuit model for filter calculations
54 8.1.5 Selection of filter types and calculation of their impedances
8.1.6 Calculation of performance
55 8.2 Detuning and tolerances
8.2.1 General
56 8.2.2 Detuning factors
57 8.2.3 Resistance variations
8.2.4 Modelling
8.3 Network impedance for performance calculations
8.3.1 General
58 8.3.2 Network modelling using impedance envelopes
59 8.3.3 Sector diagram
60 8.3.4 Circle diagram
Figure 13 – AC system impedance general sector diagram, with minimum impedance
Figure 14 – AC system impedance general sector diagram, with minimum resistance
61 8.3.5 Discrete polygons
Figure 15 – AC system impedance generalcircle diagram, with minimum resistance
62 Figure 16 – Example of harmonic impedances for harmonics of order 2 to 4
Figure 17 – Example of harmonic impedances for harmonics of order 5 to 8
63 8.3.6 Zero-sequence impedance modelling
8.3.7 Detailed modelling of AC network for performance calculation
Figure 18 – Example of harmonic impedances for harmonics of order 9 to 13
Figure 19 – Example of harmonic impedances for harmonics of order 14 to 49
64 8.4 Outages of filter banks and sub-banks
65 8.5 Considerations of probability
66 Figure 20 – Illustration of basic voltage quality concepts with time/location statistics covering the whole system (adapted from IEC TR 61000-3-6:2008)
67 8.6 Flexibility regarding compliance
8.7 Ratings of the harmonic filter equipment
Figure 21 – Example of range of operation where specificationson harmonic levels are not met for a filter scheme solution
68 9 Filter switching and reactive power management
9.1 General
9.2 Reactive power interchange with AC network
9.2.1 General
9.2.2 Impact on reactive compensation and filter equipment
69 9.2.3 Evaluation of reactive power interchange
70 9.3 HVDC converter reactive power capability
9.4 Bank/sub-bank definitions and sizing
9.4.1 General
71 9.4.2 Sizing
Figure 22 – Branch, sub-bank and bank definition
73 9.5 Hysteresis in switching points
74 9.6 Converter Q-V control near switching points
9.7 Operation at increased converter control angles
9.8 Filter switching sequence and harmonic performance
75 9.9 Demarcation of responsibilities
9.9.1 General
9.9.2 Customer
Figure 23 – Typical switching sequence
76 9.9.3 Contractor
10 Customer specified parameters and requirements
10.1 General
10.2 AC system parameters
10.2.1 Voltage
Figure 24 – Reactive power components
77 10.2.2 Voltage unbalance
10.2.3 Frequency
10.2.4 Short circuit level
10.2.5 Filter switching
78 10.2.6 Reactive power interchange
10.2.7 System harmonic impedance
10.2.8 Zero sequence data
10.2.9 System earthing
10.2.10 Insulation level
10.2.11 Creepage distances
10.2.12 Pre-existing voltage distortion
79 10.3 Harmonic distortion requirements
10.3.1 General
10.3.2 Redundancy requirements
10.4 Environmental conditions
10.4.1 Temperature
10.4.2 Pollution
10.4.3 Wind
80 10.4.4 Ice and snow loading (if applicable)
10.4.5 Solar radiation
10.4.6 Isokeraunic levels
10.4.7 Seismic requirements
10.4.8 Audible noise
10.5 Electrical environment
81 10.6 Requirements for filter arrangements and components
10.6.1 Filter arrangements
10.6.2 Filter capacitors
10.6.3 Test requirements
10.7 Protection of filters
10.8 Loss evaluation
10.9 Field measurements and verifications
10.10 General requirements
82 11 Future developments
11.1 General
11.2 Non-standard filter technology
11.2.1 General
11.2.2 Automatically tuned reactors
84 Figure 25 – Design principle of a self-tuned reactor using DCcontrol current in an orthogonal winding
Figure 26 – Control principle for self-tuned filter
85 11.2.3 Single-phase redundancy
86 11.2.4 Stand-along active filters
Figure 27 – One method of switching a redundant single phase filter
88 11.2.5 Compact design
11.3 Other LCC converter technology
11.3.1 General
11.3.2 Series commutated converters
90 Figure 28 – Various possible configurations of series compensated HVDC converters
91 11.3.3 Transformerless converters
11.3.4 Unit connection
92 11.4 Changing external environment
11.4.1 Increased pre-existing levels of harmonic distortion
11.4.2 Developments in communication technology
93 11.4.3 Changes in structure of the power supply industry
11.4.4 Focus on power quality
11.4.5 Fewer large synchronous generators and more renewable and distributed generation
94 Annex A (informative) Alternative type of procurement procedure
95 Annex B (informative) Formulae for calculating the characteristic harmonics of a bridge converter
97 Annex C (informative) Definition of telephone interference parameters
C.1 General
C.2 Criteria according to European practice
101 Annex D (informative) Equivalent frequency deviation
102 Annex E (informative) Reactive power management
E.1 HVDC converter reactive power capability
E.1.1 Steady-state capability
Figure E.1 – Capability diagram of a converter under different control strategies
103 Figure E.2 – Converter capability with γmin = 17°, γmax = 40°, αmin = 5°, αmax = 35° and Udiomax = 1,2UdioN
104 E.1.2 Temporary capability
105 E.2 Converter Q-V control near switching points
Figure E.3 –Reactive power absorption of a rectifier as a function of α with Udio = UdioN, dx = 9,4 % and dr = 0,2 %
Figure E.4 – Reactive power absorption of a inverter as a function of γ with Udio = UdioN, dx = 9,4 % and dr = 0,2 %
106 E.3 Step change in voltage on switching a filter
108 Bibliography

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BSI PD IEC TR 62001-1:2021
$215.11