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FEMA 549 2006

FEMA 549 2006

$27.95

FEMA 549 – Hurricane Katrina in the Gulf Coast: Mitigation Assessment Team Report, Building Performance Observations, Recommendations, and Technical Guidance

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
FEMA 2006 584
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PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
1 Hurricane Katrina in the Gulf Coast
5 Dedication
7 Executive Summary
15 Table of Contents
27 1. Introduction
29 1.1 Hurricane Katrina – The Event
31 1.1.1 Hurricane Katrina Economic Loss Summary
35 1.1.2 Storm Surge Analysis and Discussion
HWM Classification Types:
46 1.1.3 Wind Hazard Analysis and Discussion
53 1.2 Historic Hurricanes
55 1.2.1 Hurricane Betsy
56 1.2.2 Hurricane Camille
57 1.2.3 Hurricane Frederic
1.3 FEMA Mitigation Assessment Teams (MATs)
58 1.3.1 Purpose of the MAT
59 1.3.3 Methodology
63 2. Floodplain Management Regulations and Building Codes and Standards
2.1 Floodplain Management Regulations
67 2.1.1 Flood Studies and Flood Maps
70 2.1.2 Higher Regulatory Standards
2.1.3 Mississippi – Relating Observed Flood Damage to the FIRMs
2.1.4 Louisiana – Relating Observed Flood Damage to the FIRMs
74 2.1.5 Alabama – Relating Observed Flood Damage to the FIRMs
75 2.2 Building Codes and Standards
76 2.2.1 Flood Requirements in the IBC and the IRC
77 2.2.2 Flood Requirements in ASCE 7
78 2.2.3 Flood Requirements in ASCE 24
2.2.4 Wind Requirements in Building Codes and Standards – Mississippi
84 2.2.5 Wind Requirements in Building Codes and Standards – Louisiana
86 2.2.6 Wind Requirements in Building Codes and Standards – Alabama
87 2.3 HUD Manufactured Housing Design Standards
89 3. General Overview of Storm-Related Damage
91 3.1 Flood Effects
93 3.1.1 Flood Effects on One- and Two-Family Residential Buildings
98 3.1.2 Flood Effects on Multi-Family Residential Buildings
101 3.1.3 Flood Effects on Commercial Buildings
103 3.1.4 Flood Effects on Critical and Essential Facilities
104 3.1.5 Flood Effects on Historic Buildings
106 3.2 Wind Effects
108 3.2.1 Wind Effects on One- and Two-Family Residential Buildings
111 3.2.2 Wind Effects on Multi-Family Residential Buildings
114 3.2.3 Wind Effects on Commercial Buildings
118 3.2.4 Wind Effects on Critical and Essential Facilities
122 3.2.5 Wind Effects on Historic Buildings
123 4. Structural Systems Performance
126 4.1.1 Single-Family Residential Buildings
151 4.1.2 Manufactured Housing
156 4.1.3 Low-Rise, Multi-Family Residential Buildings
167 4.2 Wind
4.2.1 Wood-Framed Buildings
195 4.2.3 Pre-Engineered Metal Buildings
201 5. Building Envelope Performance
204 5.1 Sheathing on the Underside of Elevated Buildings
205 5.2 Doors
5.2.1 Personnel Door Damage
5.2.2 Garage Door Damage
206 5.2.3 Rolling and Sectional Door Damage
207 5.3 Non-Load-Bearing Walls, Wall Coverings, and Soffits
5.3.1 Non-Load-Bearing Walls
213 5.3.2 Wall Coverings and Soffits
226 5.4 Roof Systems
227 5.4.1 Asphalt Shingles
240 5.4.2 Fiber-Cement, Slate, and Tile
243 5.4.3 Metal Panels and Shingles
249 5.4.4 Low-Slope Membrane Systems
254 5.5 Windows, Shutters, and Skylights
255 5.5.1 Unprotected Glazing
270 5.5.2 Protected Glazing
274 5.5.3 Over-Pressurization
276 5.5.4 Installation
277 5.5.5 Skylights
278 5.6 Exterior-Mounted Mechanical, Electrical, and Communications Equipment
5.6.1 Mechanical Equipment
284 5.6.2 Electrical and Communications Equipment
291 6. Historic Buildings
292 6.1 Flood Damage
6.1.1 Biloxi Lighthouse (Biloxi, Mississippi)
293 6.1.2 Tullis-Toledano House (Biloxi, Mississippi)
294 6.1.3 Tivoli Hotel (Biloxi, Mississippi)
6.1.4 Beauvoir, Jefferson Davis’ Home (Biloxi, Mississippi)
296 6.1.5 Longue Vue House and Gardens (New Orleans, Louisiana)
297 6.1.6 Milne Boys Home (New Orleans, Louisiana)
298 6.1.7 Bank Building (Bay St. Louis, Mississippi)
299 6.2 Wind Damage
301 6.2.1 Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Gulfport, Mississippi)
6.2.2 Benachi House (New Orleans, Louisiana)
302 6.2.3 Pitot House Museum (New Orleans, Louisiana)
303 6.2.4 Valence Street Baptist Church (New Orleans, Louisiana)
304 6.2.5 Longue Vue House and Gardens (New Orleans, Louisiana)
305 7. Performance of Critical and Essential Facilities
306 7.1 Emergency Operations Centers
7.1.1 Jackson County EOC (Pascagoula, Mississippi)
309 7.1.2 Harrison County EOC (Gulfport, Mississippi)
310 7.1.3 Hancock County EOC (Bay St. Louis, Mississippi)
313 7.2 Fire Stations
7.2.1 Back Bay Fire Co. #4 (Biloxi, Mississippi)
314 7.2.2 Gulfport Fire Station #1 (Gulfport, Mississippi)
315 7.2.3 Gulfport Fire Station #5 (Gulfport, Mississippi)
7.2.4 Gulfport Fire Station #7 (Gulfport, Mississippi)
316 7.2.5 Pass Christian Fire Department (Pass Christian, Mississippi)
317 7.2.6 Cuevas Volunteer Fire Department (Pass Christian, Mississippi)
318 7.2.7 Northshore Volunteer Fire Department (Slidell, Louisiana)
319 7.2.8 A. J. Champagne Fire Station (Slidell, Louisiana)
7.2.9 Third District Fire Headquarters (New Orleans, Louisiana)
320 7.2.10 Port Sulphur Volunteer Fire Department (Port Sulphur, Louisiana)
321 7.2.11 Buras Volunteer Fire Department (Buras, Louisiana)
322 7.3 Hospitals
7.3.1 Garden Park Medical Center (Gulfport, Mississippi)
324 7.4 Airports and Military Bases
7.4.1 Gulfport-Biloxi International Airport
329 7.4.2 Keesler Air Force Base
333 8. Overview of Hurricane Katrina in the New Orleans Area
335 8.1 Flooding in the New Orleans Area
336 8.2. Floodplain Management Issues Related to Levees/Floodwalls
8.2.1 History of the New Orleans Levee System
337 8.2.2 Floodplain Mapping and Building Construction within the New Orleans Levee-Protected Area
338 8.3 General Characterization of Flood Damage
339 8.3.1 Structural Damage
343 8.3.2 Non-Structural Damage
345 8.4 Long-Duration Flood Impacts on Buildings
346 8.4.1 Deterioration of Building Materials from Lon-Duration Flooding
351 8.4.2 Long-Duration Flood Impacts from Contamination
373 9. Mitigation Successes and Best Practices
9.1 Acquisition Projects
9.1.1 Brickyard Bayou Acquisition Project (Gulfport, Mississippi)
376 9.1.2 Acquisition Project (Pascagoula, Mississippi)
9.2 Elevation Projects
9.2.1 Lacombe, Louisiana
377 9.2.2 Elevations Along Lakeshore Drive in Mandeville, Louisiana
380 9.3 Wind Retrofit Projects
9.3.1 Harrison County Courthouse (Gulfport, Mississippi)
381 9.3.2 Ocean Springs Middle School (Ocean Springs, Mississippi)
9.3.3 Hancock County Senior Citizens Center (Bay St. Louis, Mississippi)
382 9.3.4 Jackson County EOC (Pascagoula, Mississippi)
383 9.4 Higher Regulatory Standards – Citywide Elevation Standard (Pascagoula, Mississippi)
384 9.5 Other Best Practices
9.5.1 Cantilevered Condenser Platforms
9.5.2 Shutters over Windows (Non-Retrofit)
387 10. Conclusions
388 10.1 Flood Hazards
389 10.1.1 Lowest Floor Elevations
10.1.2 Foundations and Structures
391 10.1.3 Long-Duration Flood Impacts in the New Orleans Area
395 10.2 Wind Hazards
396 10.2.1 Building Codes
10.2.2 Performance of Structural Systems (Residential and Commercial Construction)
398 10.2.3 Performance of Building Envelope, and Mechanical and Electrical Equipment
400 10.2.4 The Need for High-Wind Design and Construction Guidance
10.2.5 Wind Mitigation for Existing Buildings
10.3 Performance of Critical and Essential Facilities (Including Shelters)
401 10.4 Historic Buildings
403 11. Recommendations
404 11.1 Flood Related Recommendations
11.1.1 Codes and Standards
11.1.2 General Hazard Identification
407 11.1.4 Design and Construction
411 11.1.5 Foundations
416 11.1.6 Flood Insurance
11.2 Wind Related Recommendations
417 11.2.1 Building Codes
11.2.2 Design and Construction
11.2.3 Wind Mitigation for Existing Buildings
423 11.3 Critical and Essential Facilities Recommendations
426 11.4 Public Outreach Recommendations
431 Appendices
A. References
435 B. Acknowledgements
437 C. Acronyms and Abbreviations
445 D. Glossary
449 E. FEMA Hurricane Katrina Recovery Advisories
491 F. High Water Marks
531 G. Procedure Memorandum 34– Interim Guidance for Studies Including Levees
535 H. Continuity of Operations and Environmental Issues for Infrastructure
543 I. Description of Sampling and Analytical Methods
573 J. Historic Buildings Pre- and Post-Disaster Mitigation
581 K. FEMA Regional Offices

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