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FEMA P 2156 2021

FEMA P 2156 2021

$7.15

FEMA P-2156: The Role of the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions in the Development of Nationwide Seismic Building Code Regulations: A Thirty-Five-Year Retrospective

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
FEMA 2021 97
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PDF Pages PDF Title
13 Figure 1. The Ten Editions of the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions, 1985 to 2020. All are available for download from https://www.nibs.org/page/bssc_pubs.
Executive Summary
14 Figure 2. U.S. Seismic Regulations and Seismic Codes Development and the Role of NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions.
15 Figure 3. Roles of NEHRP Agencies and of the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions.
16 Figure 4. The process of incorporating the latest information on seismicity from U.S. Geological Survey into Seismic Design.
17 Figure 5. Improvements to Seismic Mapping
23 The NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions
1.1 About the NEHRP Program
25 Figure 1-1. The NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions serves as a convergence of the efforts among the four NEHRP agencies and private sectors and a mechanism to transfer research results for improving seismic design practice.
27 Figure 1-2. The Ten Editions of the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions.
1.2 NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions Development
31 1.3 The Process of Developing the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions
36 1.4 An Example of the Updating of the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions
38 The 2015 NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions developed comprehensive guidelines and requirements for nonlinear response history analysis, which can be considered a simulation of what would happen if the actual constructed building were subjected to earth
41 Figure 2-1. U.S. Seismic Regulations and Seismic Codes Development and the Role of NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions.
Brief Historical Background of the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions
43 Figure 2-2. Adoption of the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions into the IBC
47 Figure 3-1. The process of incorporating the latest information on seismicity from U.S. Geological into Seismic Design.
Major Technical Changes
48 Figure 3-2. Evolution of the U.S. Seismic Value Maps
3.1 Seismic Mapping
50 Figure 3-3. Revolution through the NERHP Recommended Seismic Provisions Process in an effort to Provide a Uniform Level of Safety Across the Nation
51 Figure 3-4. A Joint Effort Among USGS, FEMA, BSSC to Develop National Applicable Seismic Maps under NEHRP Program, a Model of Marrying Science and Engineering into Building Science
52 3.2 Ductility and Response Modification Factors
53 Figure 3-5. In this technique for allowing a steel frame to deform in a ductile manner, the beam is intentionally weakened with a “dogbone” cutout so that inelastic behavior will be concentrated in that segment of the frame, protecting the column from dam
54 Figure 3-6. The Three New Seismic Force-Resisting Systems that Are Introduced and Approved in the 2020 NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions: (1) reinforced concrete ductile coupled walls (source: MKA), (2) steel and concrete coupled composite plate shear
55 Figure 3-7. NEHRP Seismic Provisions Generic Design Spectrum.
58 3.3 Combining Occupancy with Seismic Mapping
59 Figure 3-8. Seismic Design Categories based on the seismic map of the 2018 International Residential Code (IRC)
61 3.4 Building Deflections (Drift)
62 Figure 3-9. The extreme drift experienced by Olive View Hospital in the 1971 San Fernando Earthquake also rendered nonstructural components damaged and non-functional. (Source: Robert Olson, NISEE-PEER)
3.5 Nonstructural Components
64 3.6 Building Irregularities
65 Figure 3-10. In the 1994 Northridge Earthquake in the Los Angeles region, this heavy soffit or exterior ceiling collapsed over the entrance. Nonstructural protection involves secure attachments of the nonstructural components to the structure. (Source: Ro
66 Figure 3-11. The extreme drift or sideways distortion of the Olive View Hospital in the 1971 San Fernando was caused by a soft-story condition: strong and stiff walls were discontinued at the ground story level, and all of the deformation was imposed on t
67 3.7 Simplification of Seismic Design Procedures and Provisions
69 Continual Efforts to Reduce Earthquake Risks
4.1 Economic Impacts
71 Figure 4-1. Total costs and benefits of new design to comply with 2018 I-Code requirements for earthquake, relative to 1988. (Source: Multi-Hazard Mitigation Council 2020)
72 Figure 4-2. Benefit-cost ratios for seismic code compliance are highest in high-seismicity areas. (Source: Multi-Hazard Mitigation Council 2020)
4.2 Essential Function Buildings
74 Figure 4-3. The 1994 Northridge Earthquake seemingly only cosmetically damaged this hospital’s sign, but the cause was lunging of inadequately restrained air conditioning equipment that disabled the functioning of the facility. (source: Robert Reitherman)
75 4.3 Protecting Federal Buildings from Earthquakes
79 NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions, Resilience-Based Design and
the Future
5.1 Staying Up to Date
5.2 Community-Based Design
80 5.3 Outreach, Education, and Dissemination
82 Abbreviations
84 Brief History of Seismic Regulations in American Building Codes
90 References Cited
96 Project Participants

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