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FEMA P 424 2010

FEMA P 424 2010

$59.80

FEMA P-424 – Design Guide for Improving School Safety in Earthquakes, Floods and High Winds

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FEMA 2010
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PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
1 FEMA P-424: Design Guide for Improving Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, and High Winds
2 Title Page
5 Foreword and Acknowledgments
Background
6 Scope
7 Organization and Content of the Manual
8 Acknowledgments
Principal Authors:
FEMA Contributors:
Reviewers and Contributors:
11 Table of Contents
18 Figures
37 Tables
39 Chapter 1: An Overview of the School Design and Construction Process
1.1 Introduction
40 1.2 School Construction: The National Picture
1.3 Past School Design
46 1.4 Present School Design
47 1.5 Future School Design
49 1.6 The Design and Construction Process
52 1.7 References
53 Chapter 2: Performance-Based Design
2.1 Background
55 2.2 Prescriptive vs. Performance-Based Design
56 2.3 The Performance-Based Design Process
57 2.4 Acceptable Risk and
Performance Levels
60 2.5 Considerations For Achieving Continuous
Operation Performance Level
62 2.6 Performance-Based Flood Design
63 2.7 Performance-Based High-Wind Design
64 2.8 Performance-Based Seismic Design
Operational Building Performance Level (1-A)
65 Immediate Occupancy Building Performance Level (1-B)
66 Life Safety Building Performance Level (3-C)
Collapse Prevention Building Performance Level (5-E)
2.9 References
69 Chapter 3: Multihazard Design
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Hazards Compared
70 3.2.1 Location: Where do Hazards Occur?
72 3.2.2 Warning: How Much Warning is There?
73 3.2.3 Frequency: How Likely are They to Occur?
74 3.3 A Comparison of Potential Losses
78 3.4 Fire and Life Safety
79 3.5 Multihazard Design Interactions
86 3.6 References
87 Chapter 4: Making Schools Safe From Earthquakes
4.1 Introduction
88 4.2 The Nature and Probability of Earthquakes
4.2.1 Earthquakes and Other Geologic Hazards
90 4.2.2 Earthquakes: A National Problem
94 4.2.3 Common Measures of Earthquakes
97 4.2.4 Determination of Local Earthquake Hazards
99 4.3 Vulnerability: What Earthquakes Can Do to
Schools
4.3.1 Vulnerability of Schools
102 4.3.2 Earthquake Damage to Schools
109 4.3.3 Significant School Damage in U.S. Earthquakes
113 4.3.4 Consequences: Casualties, Financial Loss, and
Operational Disruption
114 4.4 Scope, Effectiveness, and Limitations of Codes
115 4.4.1 The Background of Seismic Provisions in Building Codes
4.4.2 Seismic Codes and Schools
116 4.4.3 The Effectiveness of Seismic Codes
117 4.5 Evaluating Existing Schools for Seismic Risk and Specific Risk Reduction Methods
4.5.1 Rapid Visual Screening
118 4.5.2 Systems Checklist for School Seismic Safety Evaluation
123 4.5.3 Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings
124 4.6 Earthquake Risk Reduction Methods
125 4.6.1 Risk Reduction for New Schools
135 4.6.2 Risk Reduction for Existing Schools
141 4.7 The School as a Post-Earthquake Shelter
142 4.8 References and Sources of Additional
Information
144 4.9 Glossary of Earthquake Terms
151 Chapter 5: Making Schools Safe From Flooding
5.1 General Design Considerations
152 5.1.1 The Nature of Flooding
154 5.1.2 Probability of Occurrence or Frequency
158 5.1.3 Flood Characteristics and Loads
160 5.1.3.1 Hydrostatic Loads
161 5.1.3.2 Hydrodynamic Loads
163 5.1.3.3 Debris Impact Loads
164 5.1.3.4 Erosion and Local Scour
165 5.1.4 Design Parameters
5.1.4.1 Flood Depth
169 5.1.4.3 Flood Velocity—Riverine
5.1.4.4 Flood Velocity—Coastal
170 5.1.5 Flood Hazard Maps and Zones
171 5.1.5.1 NFIP Flood Maps
172 5.1.5.2 NFIP Flood Zones
175 5.1.5.3 Coastal A Zones
176 5.1.6 Floodplain Management Requirements and Building
Codes
177 5.1.6.1 Overview of the NFIP
178 5.1.6.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum
Requirements
180 5.1.6.3 Executive Order 11988 and Critical Facilities
181 5.1.6.4 Model Building Codes and Standards
183 5.2 Schools Exposed to Flooding
5.2.1 Identifying Flood Hazards at School Sites
184 5.2.2 Vulnerability: What Flooding Can Do to Existing Schools
5.2.2.1 Site Damage
186 5.2.2.2 Structural Damage
189 5.2.2.3 Nonstructural Damage
191 5.2.2.4 Utility System Damage
194 5.2.2.5 Contents Damage
195 5.3 Requirements and Best Practices in Flood
Hazard Areas
5.3.1 Evaluating Risk and Avoiding Flood Hazards
196 5.3.2 Benefits and Costs: Determining Acceptable Risk
198 5.3.3 Site Modifications
200 5.3.4 Elevation Considerations
206 5.3.5 Dry Floodproofing Considerations
209 5.3.6 Flood Damage-Resistant Materials
211 5.3.7 Access Roads
5.3.8 Utility Installations
213 5.3.9 Potable Water and Wastewater Systems
214 5.3.10 Storage Tank Installations
5.3.11 Accessory Structures
5.4 Risk Reduction for Existing Schools
5.4.1 Introduction
215 5.4.2 Site Modifications
217 5.4.3 Additions
218 5.4.4 Repairs, Renovations, and Upgrades
219 5.4.5 Retrofit Dry Floodproofing
220 5.4.6 Utility Installations
222 5.4.7 Potable Water and Wastewater Systems
5.4.8 Other Damage Reduction Measures
223 5.4.9 Drainage Improvements
224 5.4.10 Emergency Measures
225 5.5 Schools as Emergency Shelters and Safe
Rooms
227 5.6 Checklist for Vulnerability of Floodprone Sites
and Schools
233 5.7 References and Sources of Additional
Information
236 5.8 Glossary of Flood Protection Terms
241 Chapter 6: Making Schools Safe From High Winds
6.1 General Design Considerations
243 6.1.1 Nature of High Winds
244 6.1.2 Probability of Occurrence
246 6.1.3 Wind/Building Interactions
252 6.1.4 Building Codes
253 6.1.4.1 Scope of Building Codes
254 6.1.4.2 Effectiveness and Limitations of Building Codes
257 6.2 Schools Exposed to High Winds
6.2.1 Vulnerability: What High Winds Can Do to Schools
6.2.1.1 Types of Building Damage
261 6.2.1.2 Ramification of Damage
265 6.2.2 Priorities, Costs, And Benefits: New Schools
6.2.2.1 Priorities
266 6.2.2.2 Cost, Budgeting, and Benefits
268 6.2.3 Priorities, Costs, and Benefits: Existing Schools
6.2.3.1 Priorities
269 6.2.3.2 Cost, Budgeting, and Benefits
271 6.2.4 Evaluating Schools for Risk from High Winds
6.2.4.1 New Buildings
272 6.2.4.2 Existing Buildings
273 6.2.4.3 Portable Classrooms
274 6.3 Requirements and Best Practices in
High-Wind Regions
275 6.3.1 General School Design Considerations
6.3.1.1 Site
277 6.3.1.2 School Design
282 6.3.1.3 Construction Contract Administration
283 6.3.1.4 Post-Occupancy Inspections, Periodic Maintenance, Repair,
and Replacement
284 6.3.1.5 Site and General Design Considerations in Hurricane-Prone
Regions
286 6.3.2 Structural Systems
6.3.2.1 Design Parameters for Structural Systems
292 6.3.2.2 Design Parameters for Structural Systems in Hurricane-Prone Regions
293 6.3.3 Building Envelope
6.3.3.1 Exterior Doors
297 6.3.3.2 Windows and Skylights
300 6.3.3.3 Windows and Skylights in Hurricane-Prone Regions
302 6.3.3.4 Non-Load-Bearing Walls, Wall Coverings, and Soffits
313 6.3.3.5 Non-Load-Bearing Walls, Wall Coverings, and Soffits in
Hurricane-Prone Regions
314 6.3.3.6 Roof Systems
326 6.3.3.7 Roof Systems in Hurricane-Prone Regions
334 6.3.4 Nonstructural Systems and Equipment
6.3.4.1 Exterior-Mounted Mechanical Equipment
344 6.3.4.2 Nonstructural Systems and Mechanical Equipment in
Hurricane-Prone Regions
346 6.3.4.3 Exterior-Mounted Electrical and Communications Equipment
349 6.3.4.4 Lightning Protection Systems in Hurricane-Prone Regions
355 6.3.5 Municipal Utilities In Hurricane-Prone Regions
356 6.3.5.1 Electrical Power
357 6.3.5.2 Water Service
358 6.3.5.3 Sewer Service
6.3.6 Post-Design Considerations in Hurricane-Prone Regions
6.3.6.1 Construction Contract Administration
6.3.6.2 Periodic Inspections, Maintenance, and Repair
359 6.4 Remedial Work on Existing Facilities
361 6.4.1 Structural Systems
362 6.4.2 Building Envelope
363 6.4.2.1 Windows and Skylights
367 6.4.2.2 Non-Load-Bearing Walls, Wall Coverings, and Soffits
368 6.4.2.3 Roof Coverings
371 6.4.3 Exterior-Mounted Equipment
6.4.3.1 HVAC Units, Condensers, Fans, Exhaust Stacks, and Ductwork
374 6.4.3.2 Antenna (Communications Mast)
6.4.3.3 Lightning Protection Systems
375 6.5 Occupant Protection Best Practices in
Tornado- and Hurricane-Prone Regions
379 6.6 Checklist For Building Vulnerability of Schools Exposed to High Winds
383 6.7 References and Sources of Additional
Information
387 6.8 Glossary of High Wind Protection Terms
391 Appendix A: Acronyms

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