IEEE 1204 1997

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IEEE Guide for Planning DC Links Terminating at AC Locations Having Low Short-Circuit Capacities

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
IEEE	1997	214

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New IEEE Standard – Inactive – Withdrawn. Guidance on the planning and design of dc links terminating at ac system locations having low Guidance on the planning and design of dc links terminating at ac system locations having low short-circuit capacities relative to the dc power infeed is provided in this guide. This guide is limited to the aspects of interactions between ac and dc systems that result from the fact that the ac system is weak compared to the power of the dc link (i.e., ac system appears as a high impedance at the ac/dc interface bus). This guide contains two parts: Part I, AC/DC Interaction Phenomena, classifies the strength of the ac/dc system, provides information about interactions between ac and dc systems, and gives guidance on design and performance; and Part II, Planning Guidelines, considers the impact of ac/dc system interactions and their mitigation on economics and overall system performance and discusses the studies that need to be performed.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	Title Page
3	Introduction
4	Participants
6	CONTENTS
11	Part I: AC/DC Interaction Phenomena 1. Overview 1.1 Scope 1.2 Purpose 1.3 General
13	1.4 References 1.5 Definitions
14	1.6 Acronyms and abbreviations
15	2. AC/DC system strength 2.1 Introduction 2.2 High-impedance systems
31	2.3 Inadequate and zero mechanical inertia
33	2.4 Numerical examples of CSCRs and TOVtc values
34	2.5 Calculation of CSCRs
37	2.6 Numerical examples of power reduction due to ac system impedance increase and ac voltage reduction
38	2.7 AC/DC system strength—summary tables 3. DC power transfer limits 3.1 Description of phenomena
42	3.2 Power limits of an inverter
46	3.3 Power limits of a dc link
50	3.4 Principal parameters 3.5 Trends and sensitivities of system parameters
51	3.6 Possible improvements
53	3.7 Influence of dc controls 3.8 Methods of study
54	3.9 Discussion of power curves
56	4. Control and protection for dc transmission 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Hierarchical division of the dc control system
59	4.3 Types of interaction between controls and the ac system
61	4.4 Current control
66	4.5 Power control 4.6 Reduction of the direct current at low voltage
67	4.7 AC system instabilities
68	4.8 Influence on the control of resonances in the ac network 4.9 Summary of convertor control instability phenomena
69	4.10 System parameters of principal interest to the controls 4.11 AC voltage variations
72	4.12 AC network frequency and stabilization control
77	4.13 Control and protection considerations for back-to-back schemes
78	4.14 Control and protection considerations for multiterminal schemes 4.15 Higher-level controller characteristics for dc schemes in operation
82	4.16 Protection
83	5. Resonances, instabilities, and harmonic transfer 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Basic concepts
85	5.3 Harmonic resonance-related instabilities and solutions
89	5.4 Factors influencing harmonic problems 5.5 Trends and sensitivities of system parameters 5.6 Methods of study
90	5.7 Different types of schemes and harmonic problems
91	5.8 Comments 6. Subsynchronous torsional interactions between dc convertors and nearby turbine-generators 6.1 Introduction and summary
92	6.2 Description of the phenomenon 6.3 Principal parameters
94	6.4 Trends and sensitivities of system parameters
95	6.5 Influence of dc controls
97	6.6 Methods of study
99	7. Transient, steady-state, low-frequency, and power-frequency stabilities 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Descriptions of stability types
100	7.3 Main parameters and effects
101	7.4 Trends and sensitivities of system parameters
102	7.5 AC and dc parallel operation 7.6 Influence of dc control
103	7.7 Methods and tools for study
104	7.8 Different types of schemes
105	8. Temporary overvoltages (TOVs) 8.1 Description of phenomena
107	8.3 Main parameters affecting the phenomena 8.3 Trends and sensitivities of the system parameters
108	8.4 Influence of dc control 8.5 Methods and tools for study
111	8.6 Measures for the limitation of TOVs
113	8.7 Different types of schemes
114	9. Zero- and low-intertia systems 9.1 Introduction
115	9.2 Zero-intertia systems—Island of Gotland
117	9.3 Low-inertia sysems— Island of Corsica
119	10. Recovery of dc systems from ac and dc system faults 10.1 Introduction
120	10.2 Parametric behavior of the phenomena
125	10.3 Different types of schemes
127	10.4 System experience and examples
131	10.5 Methods and tools for studies
132	Annex A—The dc conversion process
144	Annex B—Bibliography
150	Part II: Planning Guidelines 1. Overview 1.1 Scope 1.2 Purpose 1.3 General
151	2. References 3. Performance criteria and evaluation 3.1 General considerations
152	3.2 Power transfer limits and SCR
154	3.3 Recovery from ac and dc faults 3.4 Reactive compensation
155	3.5 Temporary overvoltages (TOVs) 3.6 Operation under low ac voltage conditions
156	3.7 Power transfer during ac and dc faults
157	3.8 Operation with and without ground return 3.9 DC line re-energization 3.10 Overload considerations
158	3.11 Operation without communication 3.12 Commutation failures 3.13 Voltage changes during reactive switching
159	3.14 Availability (adequacy and security) 3.15 Economic and reliability criteria for comparison of different solutions to interaction problems 3.16 Multiterminal considerations
160	4. Planning considerations 4.1 General aspects
161	4.2 Power transfer limits
166	4.3 Electromechanical stability
168	4.4 Planning considerations of HVDC controls
172	4.5 Planning of ac/dc performance enhancement
173	4.6 Consideration of existing dc schemes in the same system (Reeve and Lane-Smith) 5. System economics and reliability 5.1 General considerations
174	5.2 Aspects of alternative solutions to solve ac/dc interaction problems
176	5.3 Reliability and economic aspects of different dc system configurations
177	5.4 Study methods, sources of data, and assumptions
179	6. Planning and initial design studies 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Planning studies
182	6.3 Initial design studies
188	6.4 Required system data
190	7. Examples of system studies 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Itaipu transmission system
191	7.3 Chateauguay (Hung) 7.4 Highgate
192	7.5 Gotland 7.6 Virginia Smith (formerly Sidney) 7.7 MTDC system studies
193	7.8 Reliability studies 7.9 Additional references 8. Examples of existing low and very low SCR systems 8.1 Introduction
195	8.2 Miles City converter station (Krishnayya et al. 1986)
197	8.3 Virginia Smith (formerly Sidney) (Klenk et al.; Kaufhold, Peters, and Povh; DeNomme and Holt; Piwko …
199	8.4 Highgate (Beard et al., Kirshnayya et al. 1986)
200	8.5 Chateauguay (Hung; Kirshnayya et al. 1986; Hammad, Gagnon, and McCallum) 8.6 Blackwater (Krishnayya et al. 1986)
201	8.7 Cross Channel (Rowe and Brewer)
202	8.8 Vindhyachal (Prasad et al., Rosenqvist et al.)
203	8.9 Gotland (Liss and Smedsfelt)
204	8.10 Comerford (Piwko et al.)
205	8.11 Nelson River (Thio and Davies)
206	8.12 Itaipu (Peixoto 1980, Peixoto et al. 1980, Porangaba et al., Praca et al., Canelhas, Eriksson, and Pereira)
207	8.13 McNeill
210	Annex A—Bibliography

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Standard Title	IEEE Guide for Planning DC Links Terminating at AC Locations Having Low Short-Circuit Capacities
Published Code	IEEE
Publication Date	1997
Pages Count	214

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