IEEE 80-2013

$117.54

IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
IEEE	2013	226

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Description

Revision Standard – Active. This guide is primarily concerned with outdoor ac substations, either conventional or gas-insulated. These include distribution, transmission, and generating plant substations. With proper caution, the methods described herein are also applicable to indoor portions of such substations, or to substations that are wholly indoors. No attempt is made to cover the grounding problems peculiar to dc substations. A quantitative analysis of the effects of lightning surges is also beyond the scope of this guide. (Incorporates IEEE Std P80-2013/Cor 1-2015)

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	IEEE Std 80™-2013 Front cover
3	Title page
5	Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Standards Documents
8	Participants IEEE Std 80-2013
10	IEEE Std 80-2013/Cor 1-2015
12	Introduction
13	Contents
17	IMPORTANT NOTICE 1. Overview 1.1 Scope 1.2 Purpose
18	2. Normative references
19	3. Definitions
24	4. Safety in grounding 4.1 Basic problem
26	4.2 Conditions of danger
27	5. Range of tolerable current 5.1 Effect of frequency
28	5.2 Effect of magnitude and duration 5.3 Importance of high-speed fault clearing
29	6. Tolerable body current limit 6.1 Duration formula
30	6.2 Alternative assumptions
31	6.3 Comparison of Dalziel’s equations and Biegelmeier’s curve
32	6.4 Note on reclosing 7. Accidental ground circuit 7.1 Resistance of the human body
33	7.2 Current paths through the body 7.3 Accidental circuit equivalents
37	7.4 Effect of a thin layer of surface material
40	8. Criteria of tolerable voltage 8.1 Criteria of tolerable voltage definitions
43	8.2 Typical shock situations for air-insulated substations
44	8.3 Typical shock situations for gas-insulated substations 8.4 Step and touch voltage criteria
46	8.5 Effect of sustained ground currents 9. Principal design considerations 9.1 Definitions 9.2 General concept
47	9.3 Primary and auxiliary ground electrodes 9.4 Basic aspects of grid design
48	9.5 Design in difficult conditions
49	9.6 Connections to grid 10. Special considerations for gas-insulated substations (GIS) 10.1 Special considerations for GIS definitions
50	10.2 GIS characteristics
51	10.3 Enclosures and circulating currents 10.4 Grounding of enclosures
52	10.5 Cooperation between GIS manufacturer and user
53	10.6 Other special aspects of GIS grounding 10.7 Notes on grounding of GIS foundations
54	10.8 Touch voltage criteria for GIS
56	10.9 Recommendations 11. Selection of conductors and connections 11.1 Basic requirements 11.2 Choice of material for conductors and related corrosion problems
58	11.3 Conductor sizing factors
68	11.4 Selection of connections 12. Soil characteristics 12.1 Soil as a grounding medium
69	12.2 Effect of voltage gradient 12.3 Effect of current magnitude 12.4 Effect of moisture, temperature, and chemical content
70	12.5 Use of surface material layer
71	13. Soil structure and selection of soil model 13.1 Investigation of soil structure 13.2 Classification of soils and range of resistivity
72	13.3 Resistivity measurements
75	13.4 Interpretation of soil resistivity measurements
82	14. Evaluation of ground resistance 14.1 Usual requirements 14.2 Simplified calculations
83	14.3 Schwarz’s equations
86	14.4 Note on ground resistance of primary electrodes 14.5 Soil treatment to lower resistivity 14.6 Concrete-encased electrodes
90	15. Determination of maximum grid current 15.1 Determination of maximum grid current definitions
91	15.2 Procedure 15.3 Types of ground faults
94	15.4 Effect of substation ground resistance 15.5 Effect of fault resistance
95	15.6 Effect of overhead ground wires and neutral conductors 15.7 Effect of direct buried pipes and cables 15.8 Worst fault type and location
96	15.9 Computation of current division
101	15.10 Effect of asymmetry
103	15.11 Effect of future changes
104	16. Design of grounding system 16.1 Design criteria
105	16.2 Critical parameters
106	16.3 Index of design parameters 16.4 Design procedure
110	16.5 Calculation of maximum step and mesh voltages
112	16.6 Refinement of preliminary design
113	16.7 Application of equations for Em and Es 16.8 Use of computer analysis in grid design
114	17. Special areas of concern 17.1 Service areas 17.2 Switch shaft and operating handle grounding
117	17.3 Grounding of substation fence
120	17.4 Results of voltage profiles for fence grounding
126	17.5 Control cable sheath grounding
127	17.6 GIS bus extensions 17.7 Surge arrester grounding 17.8 Separate grounds 17.9 Transferred potentials
130	18. Construction of a grounding system 18.1 Ground grid construction—trench method
131	18.2 Ground grid construction—conductor plowing method 18.3 Installation of connections, pigtails, and ground rods
132	18.4 Construction sequence consideration for ground grid installation 18.5 Safety considerations during subsequent excavations 19. Field measurements of a constructed grounding system 19.1 Measurements of grounding system impedance
134	19.2 Field survey of potential contours and touch and step voltages
135	19.3 Assessment of field measurements for safe design 19.4 Ground grid integrity test
136	19.5 Periodic checks of installed grounding system 20. Physical scale models
137	Annex A (informative) Bibliography
145	Annex B (informative) Sample calculations
146	B.1 Square grid without ground rods—Example 1
151	B.2 Square grid with ground rods—Example 2
153	B.3 Rectangular grid with ground rods—Example 3
156	B.4 L-shaped grid with ground rods—Example 4
159	B.5 Equally spaced grid with ground rods in two-layer soil—Exhibit 1 B.6 Unequally spaced grid with ground rods in uniform soil—Exhibit 2
162	Annex C (informative) Graphical and approximate analysis of current division C.1 Introduction
163	C.2 How to use the graphs and equivalent impedance table
164	C.3 Examples
165	C.4 Equations for computing line impedances
181	Annex D (informative) Simplified step and mesh equations
185	Annex E (informative) Equivalent uniform soil model for non-uniform soils
188	Annex F (informative) Parametric analysis of grounding systems F.1 Uniform soil
199	F.2 Two-layer soil
201	F.3 Summary
203	Annex G (informative) Grounding methods for high-voltage stations with grounded neutrals
206	G.1 Summary
211	Annex H (informative) Benchmark H.1 Overview H.2 Soil analysis
215	H.3 Grounding system analysis
222	H.4 Grid current analysis (current division)
226	Back cover