{"id":194314,"date":"2024-10-19T12:19:47","date_gmt":"2024-10-19T12:19:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/ashrae-hvac-applications-handbook-ip-2019\/"},"modified":"2024-10-25T04:50:54","modified_gmt":"2024-10-25T04:50:54","slug":"ashrae-hvac-applications-handbook-ip-2019","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/ashrae\/ashrae-hvac-applications-handbook-ip-2019\/","title":{"rendered":"ASHRAE HVAC Applications Handbook IP 2019"},"content":{"rendered":"

The 2019 ASHRAE Handbook\u2014HVAC Applications comprises more than 60 chapters covering a broad range of facilities and topics, written to help engineers design and use equipment and systems described in other Handbook volumes. Main sections cover comfort, industrial, energy-related, general applications, and building operations and management. ASHRAE Technical Committees in each subject area have reviewed all chapters and revised them as needed for current technology and design practice. This volume has been extensively revised, and boasts three new chapters on indoor swimming pools, indoor air modeling, and occupant-centric sensing and controls.<\/p>\n

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PDF Pages<\/th>\nPDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\nCover <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nFront Matter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nDedicated To The Advancement Of
The Profession And Its Allied Industries
DISCLAIMER <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nCONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\nCONTRIBUTORS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\nASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of Life
Preface <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\nCHAPTER 1 – RESIDENTIAL SPACE CONDITIONING
1. Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\n2. Equipment Sizing
Furnaces
Zoned Heating and Cooling Systems
Ventilation
Forced-Air Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\n3. Single-Family Residences
Hydronic Heating Systems
Solar Heating
Heat Pumps <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\nUnitary Air Conditioners
Evaporative Coolers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\nHumidifiers
Dehumidifiers
Air Filters
Controls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\n4. Multifamily Residences
Hydronic Systems
Through-the-Wall Units
Water-Loop Heat Pumps
Special Concerns for Apartment Buildings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\n5. Manufactured Homes
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\nCHAPTER 2 – RETAIL FACILITIES
1. General Criteria
2. Small Stores
Design Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\n3. Discount, Big-Box, and Supercenter Stores
Load Determination
Design Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\n4. Supermarkets
Load Determination
Design Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\n5. Department Stores <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\nLoad Determination
Design Considerations
6. Convenience Centers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\nDesign Considerations
7. Regional Shopping Centers
Design Considerations
8. Multiple-Use Complexes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\nLoad Determination
Design Considerations
9. Sustainability and Energy Efficiency
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28<\/td>\nCHAPTER 3 – COMMERCIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS
1. Office Buildings
General Design Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29<\/td>\nDesign Criteria
Load Characteristics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\nDesign Concepts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\nSystems and Equipment Selection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
32<\/td>\nSpecial Systems
Spatial Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\nSpecial Considerations
2. Transportation Centers
Airports
Cruise Terminals
Design Criteria
Load Characteristics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
34<\/td>\nDesign Concepts
Systems and Equipment Selection
Special Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\n3. Warehouses and Distribution Centers
General Design Considerations
Design Criteria
Load Characteristics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
36<\/td>\nDesign Concepts
Systems and Equipment Selection
Spatial Requirements
Special Considerations
4. Sustainability and Energy Efficiency
Energy Considerations
Energy Efficiency and Integrated Design Process for Commercial Facilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\nBuilding Energy Modeling
Energy Benchmarking and Benchmarking Tools <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\nCombined Heat and Power in Commercial Facilities
Renewable Energy <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\nValue Engineering and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
5. Commissioning and Retrocommissioning
Commissioning: New Construction
Commissioning: Existing Buildings
6. Seismic and Wind Restraint Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\nCHAPTER 4 – TALL BUILDINGS
1. Stack Effect
Theory <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
43<\/td>\nPractical Considerations
Calculation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
45<\/td>\nMinimizing Stack Effect <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
46<\/td>\nWind and Stack Effect Pressure Analysis
Safety Factors
2. Systems
3. System Selection Considerations
Air-Conditioning System Alternatives <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\n4. Displacement Ventilation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
49<\/td>\nChilled Beams
Radiant Ceilings
Condensation Control
Variable-Frequency-Drive (VFD) Fan-Coils
Variable-Refrigerant-Flow (VRF) Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\n5. Central Mechanical Equipment Room Versus Floor-By-Floor Fan Rooms
Central Fan Room (Alternative 1)
Floor-by-Floor Fan Rooms with Chilled-Water Units (Alternative 2)
Floor-by-Floor Fan Rooms with Direct-Expansion Units (Alternative 3) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
52<\/td>\nFloor-by-Floor Units Located on Outer Wall (Alternative 4)
Comparison of Alternative Schemes
Acoustics
6. Central Heating and Cooling Plants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
54<\/td>\nPlant Economic Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
55<\/td>\nCentral Plant Location
Acoustical Considerations of Central Plant Locations
Effect of Central Plant Location on Construction Schedule
7. Water Distribution Systems
Hydrostatic Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
56<\/td>\nEffect of Refrigeration Machine Location
Chilled-Water Pressure Reduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\nPiping, Valves, and Fittings
Piping Design Considerations
Economics of Temperature Differentials
8. Vertical Transportation
Elevator Machine Room Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
58<\/td>\nElevator Hoistway and Machine Room Venting
Elevator Shaft Pressurization
Air-Conditioning Equipment Delivery by Freight Elevators
9. Life Safety in Tall Buildings
Codes and Standards
Components of Life Safety Systems for Tall Buildings
Detection
Automatic Sprinkler Protection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
59<\/td>\nStandpipe System
Smoke Management
Emergency Power
Fire Command Center
REFERENCES
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
60<\/td>\nCHAPTER 5 – PLACES OF ASSEMBLY
1. General Criteria
Safety and Security
Outdoor Air
Lighting Loads
Indoor Air Conditions
Filtration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
61<\/td>\nNoise and Vibration Control
Ancillary Facilities
Air Conditioning
Peak Load Reduction
Stratification
Air Distribution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
62<\/td>\nMechanical Equipment Rooms
2. Houses of Worship
3. Auditoriums
Movie Theaters
Performance Theaters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
63<\/td>\nConcert Halls
4. Arenas and Stadiums
Load Characteristics
Enclosed Stadiums <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
64<\/td>\nAncillary Spaces
Ice Rinks
Gymnasiums
5. Convention and Exhibition Centers
Load Characteristics
System Applicability <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
65<\/td>\n6. Fairs and Other Temporary Exhibits
Design Concepts
Occupancy
Equipment and Maintenance
Air Cleanliness
System Applicability
7. Atriums <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
67<\/td>\nCHAPTER 6 – INDOOR SWIMMING POOLS
1. Design Components
Environmental Control
Air Quality Control
Humidity Control
Temperature Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\nVapor Migration
Building Pressurization
Ventilation Air
Exhaust Air
Location of Mechanical Equipment
2. Design Issues <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
70<\/td>\nOutdoor Air
Load Estimation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\nVentilation Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
72<\/td>\nAir Distribution Effectiveness and Duct Design
Envelope Design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73<\/td>\nCondensation Control
Pool Water Chemistry <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\nEnergy Considerations
Design Checklist
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
75<\/td>\nCHAPTER 7 – HOSPITALITY
1. Load Characteristics
2. Design Concepts and Criteria
3. Systems
Energy-Efficient Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\nEnergy-Neutral Systems
Energy-Inefficient Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
77<\/td>\nTotal Energy Systems
Special Considerations
4. Hotels and Motels <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\nGuest Rooms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
80<\/td>\nPublic Areas <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
81<\/td>\nBack-of-the-House (BOTH) Areas
Special Concerns <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
82<\/td>\n5. Dormitories
6. Multiple-Use Complexes
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
83<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
84<\/td>\nCHAPTER 8 – EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES
1. Preschools
General Design 0
Design Criteria
Load Characteristics
Humidity Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
85<\/td>\nSystems and Equipment Selection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
86<\/td>\n2. K-12 Schools
General and Design Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
87<\/td>\nDesign Criteria <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
88<\/td>\nLoad Characteristics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
89<\/td>\nHumidity Control
Systems and Equipment Selection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
91<\/td>\nDisplacement Ventilation and Active\/Induction Chilled Beams <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\n3. Colleges and Universities
General and Design Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
95<\/td>\nHousing
Athletics and Recreational Facilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
96<\/td>\nSocial and Support Facilities
Cultural Centers
Central Utility Plants
4. Sustainability and Energy Efficiency
Advanced Energy Design Guide (AEDG) for K-12 Schools
ASHRAE\/USGBC\/IES Standard 189.1-2014 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
97<\/td>\nLeadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED\u00d2)
ENERGY STAR for K-12 Facilities
Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS)
Laboratories for the 21st Century (Labs21) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
98<\/td>\nEnergySmart Schools
Other Domestic and International Rating Systems
5. Energy Considerations
6. Energy Measurement and Verification (M&V)
ASHRAE Guideline 14-2014
International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP; 2007)
7. Selected Topics in Energy and Design
Energy Efficiency and Integrated Design Process (IDP)
Educational Facilities for Students with Disabilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
100<\/td>\nBuilding Energy Modeling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
101<\/td>\nEnergy Benchmarking and Benchmarking Tools
Combined Heat and Power in Educational Facilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
102<\/td>\nRenewable Energy <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
103<\/td>\nValue Engineering (VE) and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)
The School as a Learning Tool for Energy Conservation and Sustainability
8. Energy Dashboards
Central Plant Optimization for Higher Education Facilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
108<\/td>\n9. Commissioning
Commissioning: New Construction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
109<\/td>\nCommissioning Existing Buildings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
110<\/td>\n10. Seismic- and Wind-Restraint Considerations
11. Selected Case Studies
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
112<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
113<\/td>\nCHAPTER 9- HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
1. Regulation and Resources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
114<\/td>\n1.1 Air Conditioning in Disease Prevention and Treatment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
115<\/td>\n1.2 Sustainability
2. Hospital Facilities
2.1 Air Quality
Infection Sources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
116<\/td>\nControl Measures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
117<\/td>\nAir Movement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
118<\/td>\nSmoke Control
2.2 Facility Design and Operation
Zoning
Heating and Hot Water Standby Service <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
119<\/td>\nMechanical Cooling
Insulation
Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing (TAB) and Commissioning
Operations and Maintenance
2.3 Specific Design Criteria
Surgery and Critical Care <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
121<\/td>\nNursing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
123<\/td>\nAncillary <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
126<\/td>\nAdministration
Diagnostic and Treatment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
127<\/td>\nDecontamination, High-Level Disinfection, Sterilization and Supply <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
128<\/td>\nService
3. Outpatient Health Care Facilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
129<\/td>\nDesign Criteria
3.2 Dental Care Facilities
3.3 Continuity of Service and Energy Concepts
4. Residential Health, Care, and Support Facilities
Nursing Facilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
130<\/td>\nStandards
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
132<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
133<\/td>\nCHAPTER 10 – JUSTICE FACILITIES
1. Terminology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
134<\/td>\nEnergy Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
135<\/td>\nHeating and Cooling Plants and Mechanical Rooms
Controls
Fire\/Smoke Management
Tear Gas and Pepper Spray Storage and Exhaust <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
136<\/td>\nHealth Issues
HVAC Design Criteria
System Requirements
Dining Halls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
137<\/td>\nKitchens
Guard Stations
Control Rooms
Laundries
HVAC Design Criteria
System Requirements
Courtrooms\/Chambers
Jury Facilities
Libraries <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
138<\/td>\nJail Cells and U.S. Marshal Spaces (24 h Spaces)
Fitness Facilities
Acoustic Performance
HVAC Design Criteria
System Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
139<\/td>\nIntake Air Quality
Firearms Testing Laboratories
Acoustic Performance
Critical Spaces <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
140<\/td>\nLaboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS)
6. Indoor Shooting Ranges
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
141<\/td>\nCHAPTER 11 – AUTOMOBILES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
159<\/td>\nCHAPTER 12 – MASS TRANSIT
1. Ventilation and Thermal Comfort <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
160<\/td>\n2. Thermal Load Analysis
Cooling Design Considerations
Heating Design Considerations
Other Considerations
3. Bus Air Conditioning
Heat Load <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
161<\/td>\nAir Distribution
Interurban Buses
Urban Buses <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
162<\/td>\nSmall or Shuttle Buses
Refrigerant Piping <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
163<\/td>\nShock and Vibration
System Safety
Controls
4. Rail Car Air Conditioning
Vehicle Types <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
164<\/td>\nEquipment Design Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
165<\/td>\nOther Requirements
Air Distribution and Ventilation
Piping Design
Control Requirements
5. Fixed-Guideway Vehicle Air Conditioning <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
166<\/td>\nSystem Types
Refrigeration Components
Heating
Controls
Ventilation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
167<\/td>\nAir Distribution
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
168<\/td>\nCHAPTER 13 – AIRCRAFT
1. Design Conditions
Ambient Temperature, Humidity, and Pressure
Heating\/Air Conditioning Load Determination <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
169<\/td>\nAmbient Air Temperature in Flight <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
170<\/td>\nAir Speed and Mach Number
Ambient Pressure in Flight
External Heat Transfer Coefficient in Flight
External Heat Transfer Coefficient on Ground <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
171<\/td>\nExternal Radiation
Conduction
Stack Pressure across Cabin Wall <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
172<\/td>\nMetabolic Heat from Occupants
Internal Heat Sources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
173<\/td>\nTemperature Control
Air Velocity
Ventilation
FAA Advisory Circular (AC) 25-20\/ Acceptable Means of Compliance\/Advisory Circular-Joint 25.831 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
175<\/td>\nDilution Ventilation and TLV
Air Exchange <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
176<\/td>\nFiltration
Pressurization\/Oxygen
System Description <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
177<\/td>\nPneumatic System
Air Conditioning <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
178<\/td>\nCabin Pressure Control
2. Typical Flight <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
179<\/td>\nEngine Bleed Air Control
Ozone Protection
Air Conditioning and Temperature Control
Air Recirculation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
180<\/td>\nAir Distribution
Cabin Pressure Control
3. Air Quality
Factors Affecting Perceived Air Quality
Airflow
Air Changes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
181<\/td>\nOzone
Microbial Aerosols
Activity Levels
Volatile Organic Compounds
Carbon Dioxide
4. Regulations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
182<\/td>\n14 CFR\/CS\/JAR Paragraph 25.831: Ventilation
14 CFR 25.831, Amendment 25-87 (specifies new requirements)
14 CFR\/CS 25.832: Cabin Ozone Concentration
14 CFR\/CS\/JAR 25.841: Pressurized Cabins
14 CFR Amendment 25-87
14 CFR\/CS\/JAR 25.1301: Function and Installation
14 CFR\/CS\/JAR 25.1309: Equipment, Systems, and Installations
14 CFR\/CS 25.1438: Pressurization and Pneumatic Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
183<\/td>\n14 CFR\/CS\/JAR 25.1461: Equipment Containing High-Energy Rotors
Categories and Definitions
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
184<\/td>\nCHAPTER 14 – SHIPS
1. Merchant Ships
Load Calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
185<\/td>\nEquipment
Typical Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
186<\/td>\nAir Distribution Methods
Control
Regulatory Agencies
2. Naval Surface Ships
Design Criteria <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
187<\/td>\nLoad Determination
Equipment Selection
Typical Air Systems
Air Distribution Methods
Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
188<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
189<\/td>\nCHAPTER 15 – INDUSTRIAL AIR CONDITIONING
1. General Requirements
2. Process and Product Requirements
Rate of Chemical Reaction
Rate of Crystallization
Rate of Biochemical Reaction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
191<\/td>\nProduct Accuracy and Uniformity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
192<\/td>\nProduct Formability
Moisture Regain
Corrosion, Rust, and Abrasion
Air Cleanliness <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
193<\/td>\nStatic Electricity
3. Personnel Requirements
Thermal Control Levels
Contamination Control Levels
4. Design Considerations
Material Handling (MH) Airlock Interface <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
194<\/td>\n5. Load Calculations
Solar and Transmission
Internal Heat Generation
Stratification Effect <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
195<\/td>\nMakeup Air
Fan Heat
6. Pressurization
Explosion Management
7. System and Equipment Selection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
196<\/td>\n8. Heating Systems
Floor Heating
Unit and Ducted Heaters
Infrared Heaters
9. Cooling Systems
Refrigerated Cooling Systems
Evaporative Cooling Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
197<\/td>\n10. Air Filtration Systems
Exhaust Air Filtration Systems
Contamination Control
11. Exhaust Systems
12. Operation and Maintenance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
198<\/td>\n13. Heat Recovery and Energy Conservation
14. Control Systems
15. Life and Property Safety <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
199<\/td>\n16. Commissioning
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
200<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
201<\/td>\nCHAPTER 16 – ENCLOSED VEHICULAR FACILITIES
1. Tunnels
Tunnel Ventilation Concepts
Tunnel Ventilation Systems
Design Approach <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
203<\/td>\nTunnel Fires
Road Tunnels <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
211<\/td>\nRapid Transit Tunnels and Stations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
216<\/td>\nRailroad Tunnels <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
218<\/td>\n2. Parking Garages <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
219<\/td>\nVentilation Requirements and Design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
221<\/td>\nTypes of Ventilation Systems for Enclosed Parking Garages <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
222<\/td>\nDuctless Design Methodology
Supply and Exhaust Placement
Jet Fan Design and Placement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
223<\/td>\nCFD Analysis
Control Sequencing
High-Temperature Product Requirements
3. Automotive Repair Facilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
224<\/td>\n4. Bus Garages
Maintenance and Repair Areas
Servicing Areas <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
225<\/td>\nStorage Areas
Design Considerations and Equipment Selection
Effects of Alternative Fuel Use <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
226<\/td>\n5. Bus Terminals
Platforms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
227<\/td>\nBus Operation Areas <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
228<\/td>\nCalculation of Ventilation Rate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
229<\/td>\n6. Tollbooths
Air Quality Criteria
Design Considerations
Equipment Selection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
230<\/td>\n7. Diesel Locomotive Facilities
Ventilation Guidelines and Facility Types <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
231<\/td>\nContaminant Level Criteria
Contaminant Emission Rate
Locomotive Operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
232<\/td>\nDesign Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
235<\/td>\n8. Equipment
Fans <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
237<\/td>\nDampers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
240<\/td>\n9. National and International Safety Standards and Guidelines
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
World Road Association (PIARC)
Country-Specific Standards and Guidelines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
241<\/td>\nBuilding and Fire Codes
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
243<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
244<\/td>\nCHAPTER 17 – LABORATORIES
1. General Design Guidance
Laboratory Resource Materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
245<\/td>\n1.2 Hazard Assessment
1.3 Design Parameters
Internal Thermal Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
246<\/td>\nArchitectural Considerations
2. Laboratory Exhaust and Containment Devices
Types of Fume Hoods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
247<\/td>\nFume Hood Sash Configurations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
248<\/td>\nFume Hood Performance
2.2 Biological Safety Cabinets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
249<\/td>\nClass I Cabinets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\nClass II Cabinets
Class III Cabinets
2.3 Miscellaneous Exhaust Devices
2.4 Laminar Flow Clean Benches <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
251<\/td>\n2.5 Compressed Gas Storage and Ventilation
Gas Cylinder Closets
Gas Cylinder Cabinets
3. Laboratory Ventilation
Usage Factor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
252<\/td>\nNoise
Filtration
Air Distribution
3.2 Exhaust Systems
Types of Exhaust Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
253<\/td>\nDuctwork Leakage
Containment Device Leakage
Materials and Construction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
254<\/td>\n3.3 Fire Safety for Ventilation Systems
3.4 Control
Thermal Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
255<\/td>\nConstant-Air-Volume (CAV) Versus Variable-Air- Volume (VAV) Room Airflow Control
Room Pressure Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
256<\/td>\nFume Hood Control
3.5 Stack Heights and Air Intakes
Stack\/Intake Separation
Stack Height
Stack Height plus Vertical Momentum
Architectural Screens <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
257<\/td>\nCriteria for Suitable Dilution
Adjacent Building Effects
4. Applications
4.1 Laboratory Animal Facilities
Primary Uses of Animal Housing Facilities
Regulatory Environment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
258<\/td>\nTemperature and Humidity
Ventilation
Animal Heat Production <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
259<\/td>\nDesign Considerations
Caging Systems
4.2 Ancillary Spaces for Animal Laboratories <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
260<\/td>\n4.3 Containment Laboratories
Biosafety Level 1
Biosafety Level 2
Biosafety Level 3
Biosafety Level 4
Biosafety Level 3Ag
4.4 Scale-Up Laboratories <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
261<\/td>\n4.5 Teaching Laboratories
4.6 Clinical Laboratories
4.7 Radiochemistry Laboratories
4.8 Operation and Maintenance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
262<\/td>\n4.9 Energy
Energy Efficiency <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
263<\/td>\nEnergy Recovery
Sustainable Design
4.10 Commissioning <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
264<\/td>\n4.11 Economics
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
265<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
267<\/td>\nCHAPTER 18 – ENGINE TEST FACILITIES
1. Engine Heat Release
2. Engine Exhaust <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
268<\/td>\n3. Internal Combustion Engine Test Cells
Test Cell Exhaust <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
269<\/td>\n4. Test Cell Supply
5. Gas-Turbine Test Cells
6. Chassis Dynamometer Rooms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
270<\/td>\n7. Ventilation
8. Combustion Air Supply
9. Cooling Water Systems
10. Noise
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
272<\/td>\nCHAPTER 19 – CLEAN SPACES
1. Terminology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
274<\/td>\n2. Clean Spaces and Cleanroom Applications
3. Airborne Particles and Particle Control
Particle Sources in Clean Spaces <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
275<\/td>\nFibrous Air Filters
4. Air Pattern Control
Non-unidirectional Airflow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
276<\/td>\nUnidirectional Airflow
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
278<\/td>\nAir Change Rate Determination
Demand Control Airflow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
279<\/td>\n5. Airflow Direction Control Between Clean Spaces <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
280<\/td>\nSpace Pressurization <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
281<\/td>\nMultiple-Space (Suite) Pressurization
6. Testing Clean Air and Clean Spaces <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
282<\/td>\n7. Pharmaceutical and Biomanufacturing Clean Spaces
Design Process <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
283<\/td>\nDesign Concerns for Pharmaceutical Cleanrooms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
285<\/td>\nDecontamination <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
286<\/td>\nBarrier Technology
Maintainability
Controls, Monitors, and Alarms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
287<\/td>\nNoise Concerns
Nonaseptic Products
8. Start-Up and Qualification of Pharmaceutical Cleanrooms
Qualification of HVAC for Aseptic Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
Qualification Plan and Acceptance Criteria <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
288<\/td>\n9. Semiconductor Cleanrooms
Configuration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
289<\/td>\nContamination Control
Static Charge and Electromagnetic Interference
Semiconductor Fab Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
290<\/td>\nCleanroom Cleanliness and Airflow Concepts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
292<\/td>\n10. High-Bay Cleanrooms
Downflow and Horizontal-Flow Designs
Air Handling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
293<\/td>\nEquipment and Filter Access
Prefilter Selection
Design Criteria and Indoor Air Quality
11. Environmental Systems
Cooling Loads and Cooling Methods
Makeup Air <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
294<\/td>\nProcess Exhaust
Fire Safety for Exhaust
Air Temperature and Humidity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
295<\/td>\nAir Pressurization
Sizing and Redundancy <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
296<\/td>\nMinienvironments
Fan-Filter Units
12. Sustainability and Energy Conservation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
297<\/td>\nCleanrooms and Resource Use: Opportunities to Improve Sustainability <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
298<\/td>\n13. Noise and Vibration Control
14. SPACE Construction and Operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
299<\/td>\nConstruction Finishes
Personnel and Garments
Materials and Equipment
Particulate Producing Operations
Entries
15. Cleanroom Installation and Test Procedures
Installation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
300<\/td>\nPressurization Test and Map
Operation Personnel Training Program <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
301<\/td>\nCleanliness Verification Test
Commissioning
Process Equipment Installation (Tool Hook-up)
16. Integration of Cleanroom Design and Construction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
302<\/td>\n17. Life and Property Safety
Hazards Generated on Cleanroom Property
Fire and Hazardous Gas Detection, Alarm, and Suppression Systems
Homeland Security and Emergency Response Plan <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
303<\/td>\nIEST Recommended Practices
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
304<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
305<\/td>\nCHAPTER 20 – DATA CENTERS AND TELECOMMUNICATION FACILITIES
1. Useful Datacom Resources
ASHRAE Datacom Series <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
307<\/td>\nANSI\/ASHRAE Standard 90.4-2016, Energy Standard for Data Centers (ASHRAE 2016b)
ANSI\/ASHRAE Standard 127-2012, Method of Testing for Rating Computer and Data Processing Room Unitary Air Conditioners
ANSI\/AHRI Standard 1360 (I-P)-2017, Performance Rating of Computer and Data Processing Room Air Conditioners <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
308<\/td>\nANSI\/TIA Standard TIA-942-B-2017, Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers
ANSI\/BICSI Standard 002-2014, Data Center Design and Implementation Best Practices
2. Datacom Equipment, Power Trends, and Environmental Guidelines
2.1 Datacom Equipment Workload
Load Characterization
2.2 Datacom Equipment Racks
2.3 Datacom Equipment (Hardware) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
309<\/td>\nServer Classifications
Datacom Equipment Airflow
Liquid-Cooled Datacom Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
310<\/td>\nContamination
Environmental Guidelines for Air-Cooled Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
312<\/td>\nEnvironmental Guidelines for Liquid-Cooled Equipment
Datacom Equipment Nameplate Ratings and Manufacturers\u2019 Heat Release
Power Trends <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
313<\/td>\n2.4 Datacom Equipment Components
Thermal Design Overview
Air-Cooled Datacom Equipment Components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
314<\/td>\nPower and Thermal and Moisture Management
Liquid-Cooled Datacom Equipment Components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
315<\/td>\n3. Datacom Facilities
3.1 General Considerations
Spatial and Envelope Considerations
Datacom Rooms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
316<\/td>\nSupport and Ancillary Spaces <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
317<\/td>\nOther Systems and Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
318<\/td>\nRedundancy, Reliability, and Concurrent Maintainability <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
319<\/td>\n3.2 Air Cooling
Air-Cooling System Configurations
Air Distribution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
320<\/td>\nComputational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
321<\/td>\n3.3 Liquid Cooling
Liquid-Cooling System Configurations
Piping and Distribution Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
322<\/td>\n3.4 Water USAGE
Water Usage Effectiveness (WUE\u2122)
3.5 Energy Efficiency
Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE\u2122) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
323<\/td>\nPartial-Load Operation
Economizers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
324<\/td>\nASHRAE DATACOM SERIES
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
325<\/td>\nCHAPTER 21 – PRINTING PLANTS
1. Design Criteria
Special Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
326<\/td>\n2. Control of Paper Moisture Content
3. Platemaking
4. Relief Printing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
327<\/td>\n5. Lithography
Recommended Environment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
328<\/td>\nAir Conditioning
6. Rotogravure
7. Other Plant Functions
Flexography
Collotype Printing
Salvage
Air Filtration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
329<\/td>\nBinding and Shipping
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
330<\/td>\nCHAPTER 22 – TEXTILE PROCESSING PLANTS
1. Terminology
2. Fiber Making <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
331<\/td>\n3. Yarn Making
Cotton System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
332<\/td>\nWoolen and Worsted Systems
Twisting Filaments and Yarns
4. Fabric Making
Preparatory Processes
Weaving <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
333<\/td>\nKnitting
Dyeing and Finishing
5. Air-Conditioning Design
Open-Sump Chilled-Water Systems
Integrated Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
334<\/td>\nCollector Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
335<\/td>\nAir Distribution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
336<\/td>\nHealth Considerations
Safety and Fire Protection
6. Energy Conservation
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
337<\/td>\nCHAPTER 23 – PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL FACILITIES
1. Storing Unprocessed Photographic Materials
2. Processing and Printing Photographic Materials
Air Conditioning for Preparatory Operations
Air Conditioning for Processing Operations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
338<\/td>\nAir Conditioning for the Printing\/ Finishing Operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
339<\/td>\nParticulates in Air
Other Exhaust Requirements
Processing Temperature Control
3. Storing Processed Film and Paper
Film Longevity
Medium-Term Storage
Long-Term Storage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
340<\/td>\nStorage of Cellulose Nitrate Base Film
Storage of Color Film and Prints
Storage of Black-and-White Prints
Storage of Digital Images
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
341<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
342<\/td>\nCHAPTER 24 – MUSEUMS, GALLERIES, ARCHIVES, AND LIBRARIES
1. Terminology
2. Key Considerations
2.1 Heritage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
343<\/td>\n2.2 Context
2.3 International Standards
2.4 Preservation and Risk Management
2.5 Sustainability <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
344<\/td>\n3. Context and Predesign <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
345<\/td>\n3.1 Mission and Strategy
3.2 Determine Needs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
346<\/td>\n3.3 Current Environment
3.4 Overview of Risks
3.5 Accept or Modify Environment
3.6 Analyze\/Predict Achievable Environments and Impediments <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
347<\/td>\n3.7 Set Parameters and Objectives
3.8 Develop Options
3.9 Review Options and Select
3.10 Predesign Program Brief
3.11 Design of Solution
3.12 Procurement and Construction
3.13 Start-up and Commissioning
3.14 Training and Documentation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
348<\/td>\n3.15 Evaluate and Revise
4. Overview of risks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
349<\/td>\n5. Environmental Effects on Collections
5.1 Biological Damage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
350<\/td>\n5.2 Mechanical Damage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
352<\/td>\n5.3 Chemical Damage
Relative Humidity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
354<\/td>\nTemperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
355<\/td>\n5.4 Critical Relative Humidity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
356<\/td>\nResponse Times of Artifacts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
358<\/td>\n5.5 Airborne Pollutants\/Contaminants
Sources
Impact <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
360<\/td>\n6. Design Parameters for Performance Target Specifications
6.1 Climate Loads <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
361<\/td>\n6.2 Building Envelope <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
364<\/td>\n6.3 Temperature and Relative Humidity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
367<\/td>\n6.4 Airborne Pollutant Control Strategies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
368<\/td>\n6.5 Control Strategies for Objects with High Vulnerability to Pollutants
Silver <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
369<\/td>\nLead
Calcareous Objects
Sodium- and Potassium-Rich Glasses
Colorants
Cellulose Papers
Cellulose Acetate Films
Cellulose Nitrate Films
Difficult-to-Clean Objects
7. Controls Design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
370<\/td>\n7.1 Philosophy <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
371<\/td>\n7.2 Zoning
7.3 Basic Processes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
372<\/td>\n7.4 Outdoor Air and Ventilation
Outdoor Air
Air-Side Economizers
Pressurization
Natural Ventilation for Preservation
Air Change Rates
Stack Effect
Stratification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
373<\/td>\n7.5 Special Climatic Consideration
Humidistatically Controlled Heating
Hot and Humid Environments
7.6 Interior Construction
8. Control Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
374<\/td>\n8.1 Hardware
Sensors
Variable-Frequency Drives
8.2 Software
9. System Design and Selection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
375<\/td>\n9.1 Energy and Operating Costs
Energy Audits
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)
Energy Efficiency
Lighting and Daylighting <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
376<\/td>\nHybrid (Load-Sharing) HVAC Systems
Dual Fuel and Multiple Energy Sources
Maintenance and Ease of Operation
9.2 Design Issues
Zoning\/Functional Organization <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
377<\/td>\nSystem Design and Envelope Performance
Reliability and Resiliency
Loads <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
378<\/td>\nShelving, Storage Cabinetry, and Compact Storage
Integrating HVAC with Design of Exhibit Cases, Closed Cabinets, and Packaging <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
379<\/td>\n9.3 Specialized Spaces
Cold\/Frozen Storage Vaults
Conservation Laboratories
9.4 Primary Elements and Features
Air Volumes
Fans
Heating Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
380<\/td>\nCooling Equipment
Humidification
Dehumidification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
381<\/td>\nOutdoor Air
Ductwork
9.5 Filtration
Design
Performance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
382<\/td>\n9.6 System Types
Variable-Air-Volume and Constant-Volume
VAV or CV Reheat
Multizone Systems
Dual-Duct Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
383<\/td>\nFan-Coil Units
Fan-Powered Mixing Boxes
10. Construction
11. Commissioning
12. Training and Documentation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
384<\/td>\n13. Optimization
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
387<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
388<\/td>\nCHAPTER 25 – ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL FOR ANIMALS AND PLANTS
1. Design for Animal Environments
Design Approach
Temperature Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
389<\/td>\nMoisture Control
Air Quality Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
390<\/td>\nDisease Control
Air Distribution
Degree of Shelter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
391<\/td>\n1.1 Cooling and Heating
Air Velocity
Evaporative Cooling
Mechanical Refrigeration
Earth Tubes
Heat Exchangers
Supplemental Heating <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
392<\/td>\nInsulation Requirements
1.2 Ventilation
Mechanical Ventilation
Natural Ventilation
1.3 Ventilation Management
Air Distribution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
393<\/td>\nFans <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
394<\/td>\nThermostats
Emergency Warning
1.4 Recommended Practices by Species
Dairy Cattle
Beef Cattle
Swine <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
395<\/td>\nPoultry <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
396<\/td>\nLaboratory Animals <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
397<\/td>\n2. Design for Plant Facilities
2.1 Greenhouses
Site Selection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
398<\/td>\nHeating <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
400<\/td>\nCooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
401<\/td>\nOther Environmental Controls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
402<\/td>\nDesign Conditions
Alternative Energy Sources and Energy Conservation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
403<\/td>\nModifications to Reduce Heat Loss
2.2 Plant Growth Environmental Facilities
Location
Construction and Materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
404<\/td>\nFloors and Drains
Plant Benches
Control
Heating, Air Conditioning, and Airflow
Lighting Environmental Chambers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
407<\/td>\nPhytotrons <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
408<\/td>\n2.3 Other Plant Environmental Facilities
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
409<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
413<\/td>\nCHAPTER 26 – DRYING AND STORING SELECTED FARM CROPS
Grain Quantity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
414<\/td>\nEconomics
1. Drying
1.1 Drying Equipment and Practices
Fans <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
415<\/td>\nHeaters
Controls
1.2 Shallow-Layer Drying
Batch Dryers
Continuous-Flow Dryers
Reducing Energy Costs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
416<\/td>\n1.3 Deep-Bed Drying
Full-Bin Drying <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
418<\/td>\nLayer Drying
Batch-in-Bin Drying <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
419<\/td>\nRecirculating\/Continuous-Flow Bin Drying
2. Drying Specific Crops
2.1 Soybeans
Drying Soybeans for Commercial Use
Drying Soybeans for Seed and Food <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
420<\/td>\n2.2 Hay
In-Storage Drying
Batch Wagon Drying
2.3 Cotton <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
421<\/td>\n2.4 Peanuts
2.5 Rice
3. Storage Problems and Practices
3.1 Moisture Migration
3.2 Grain Aeration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
422<\/td>\nAeration Systems Design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
423<\/td>\nOperating Aeration Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
424<\/td>\n4. Seed Storage
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
425<\/td>\nCHAPTER 27 – AIR CONDITIONING OF WOOD AND PAPER PRODUCT FACILITIES
1. General Wood Product Operations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
426<\/td>\nProcess Area Air Conditioning
Finished Product Storage
2. Pulp and Paper Operations
Paper Machine Area <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
427<\/td>\nFinishing Area
Process and Motor Control Rooms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
428<\/td>\nPaper Testing Laboratories
Miscellaneous Areas
System Selection
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
429<\/td>\nCHAPTER 28 – POWER PLANTS
1. General Design Criteria
Temperature and Humidity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
431<\/td>\nEquipment Selection
Ventilation Rates
Chlorine Room Ventilation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
432<\/td>\nInfiltration and Exfiltration
Filtration and Space Cleanliness
Redundancy
Noise
Ductwork and Equipment Location
2. Ventilation Approach <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
433<\/td>\n3. Applications
Driving Forces
Air Distribution
Inlet and Exhaust Areas
Noise
Plant Cleanliness
Economics
4. Steam Generator Buildings: Industrial and Power Facilities
Burner Areas <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
434<\/td>\nSteam Drum Instrumentation Area
Local Control and Instrumentation Areas <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
435<\/td>\nCoal- and Ash-Handling Areas <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
436<\/td>\nStack Effect
Sources of Combustion Air
5. Turbine Generator Building
Local Control and Instrumentation Areas <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
437<\/td>\nDeaerator Mezzanine
Bridge Crane Operating Rooms
Suboperating Level
Electric Transformer Rooms
Plant Electrical Distribution Equipment and Switchgear\/MCC Rooms
Isophase Bus Duct Cooling
6. Combustion Turbine Areas <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
438<\/td>\n7. Main Control Center
Control Rooms
Battery Rooms
Chemical Analysis Facilities
8. Substation and Switchyard Control Structures
Design Considerations
9. Turbine Lubricating Oil Storage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
439<\/td>\n10. Oil Storage and Pump Buildings
11. Coal Crusher and Coal Transportation System Buildings
Potential for Dust Ignition Explosion
Ventilation of Conveyor and Crusher Motors in Coal Dust Environment
Cooling or Ventilation of Electrical and Control Equipment
Ventilation of Methane Fumes
Underground Tunnels and Conveyors
Dust Collectors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
440<\/td>\n12. Heating\/Cooling Systems
Cooling
Heating
Hydroelectric Power Plants
13. Energy Recovery <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
441<\/td>\n14. Safety Considerations
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
442<\/td>\nCHAPTER 29 – NUCLEAR FACILITIES
1. General Design Issues
1.1 As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)
1.2 Design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
443<\/td>\n1.3 Normal or Power Design Basis
1.4 Safety Design Basis
1.5 Outdoor Conditions
1.6 Indoor Conditions
1.7 Indoor Pressures
1.8 Airborne Radioactivity
1.9 Tornado\/Missile Protection
1.10 Fire Protection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
444<\/td>\n1.11 Smoke Management
Control Room Habitability Zone
Air Filtration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
445<\/td>\n2. Department of Energy Facilities
2.1 Confinement Systems
Zoning
Air Locks
Zone Pressure Control
Cascade Ventilation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
446<\/td>\nDifferential Pressures
2.2 Ventilation
Ventilation Requirements
Ventilation Systems
Control Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
447<\/td>\nAir and Gaseous Effluents Containing Radioactivity
3. Commercial Facilities
3.1 Operating Nuclear Power Plants
Accident Scenarios
Major NSSS Types <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
448<\/td>\nCommercial Plant License Renewal and Power Uprate
3.2 New Nuclear Power Plants
Advanced Passive AP1000 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
449<\/td>\nEconomic Simplified Boiling-Water Reactor (ESBWR)
U.S. Evolutionary Power Reactor (USEPR)
4. Plant HVAC&R Systems
4.1 Pressurized-Water Reactors
Containment Building <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
450<\/td>\n4.2 Boiling-Water Reactors
Primary Containment
Reactor Building <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
451<\/td>\nTurbine Building
4.3 Heavy Water Reactors
Containment Inlet Air-Conditioning\/Exhaust Ventilation System
4.4 Areas Outside Primary Containment
Auxiliary Building
Control Room
Control Cable Spreading Rooms
Diesel Generator Building
Emergency Electrical Switchgear Rooms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
452<\/td>\nBattery Rooms
Fuel-Handling Building
Personnel Facilities
Pumphouses
Radioactive Waste Building
Technical Support Center
4.5 Nonpower Medical and Research Reactors
4.6 Laboratories
Glove Boxes
Laboratory Fume Hoods
Radiobenches
4.7 Decommissioning Nuclear Facilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
453<\/td>\nLow-Level Radioactive Waste
4.8 Waste-Handling Facilities
4.9 Reprocessing Plants
4.10 Mixed-Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facilities
Resources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
456<\/td>\nCHAPTER 30 – MINE AIR CONDITIONING AND VENTILATION
1. Definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
457<\/td>\n2. Sources of Heat Entering Mine Air
Adiabatic Compression
Electromechanical Equipment
Groundwater <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
458<\/td>\nWall Rock Heat Flow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
459<\/td>\nHeat from Broken Rock
Heat from Other Sources
Summation of Mine Heat Loads
3. Heat Exchangers
Shell-and-Tube and Plate Heat Exchangers
Cooling Coils <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
460<\/td>\nSmall Spray Chambers
Cooling Towers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
462<\/td>\nLarge Spray Chambers (Bulk Air Coolers)
4. Mine-Cooling Techniques
Increasing Airflows
Chilling Service Water <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
463<\/td>\nReducing Water Pressure and Energy Recovery Systems
Bulk Cooling Versus Spot Cooling
Combination (Integrated) Surface Systems
Underground Refrigeration
Ice Plants
Thermal Storage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
464<\/td>\nControlled Recirculation
Operator Cabs and Cooling Vests
Other Methods
5. Selecting a Mine-Cooling Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
465<\/td>\n6. Mechanical Refrigeration Plants
Surface Plants
Underground Plants
Spot Coolers
Maintenance
7. Mine Air Heating <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
466<\/td>\n8. Mine Ventilation
Determining Airflows
Planning the Circuit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
467<\/td>\nSpecifying Circuit Fans <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
468<\/td>\nDetermining Auxiliary System Requirements
Assessing Health and Safety
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
470<\/td>\nCHAPTER 31 – INDUSTRIAL DRYING SYSTEMS
1. Mechanism of Drying
2. Applying Hygrometry to Drying
3. Determining Drying Time <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
471<\/td>\nCommercial Drying Time
Dryer Calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
472<\/td>\n4. Drying System Selection
5. Types of Drying Systems
Radiant Infrared Drying
Ultraviolet Radiation Drying
Conduction Drying <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
473<\/td>\nDielectric Drying
Microwave Drying
Convection Drying (Direct Dryers) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
475<\/td>\nFreeze Drying
Vacuum Drying
Fluidized-Bed Drying
Agitated-Bed Drying
Drying in Superheated Vapor Atmospheres <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
476<\/td>\nFlash Drying
Constant-Moisture Solvent Drying
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
477<\/td>\nCHAPTER 32 – VENTILATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
478<\/td>\n1. Ventilation Design Principles
General Ventilation
Makeup Air
2. General Comfort and Dilution Ventilation
Quantity of Supplied Air <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
479<\/td>\nAir Supply Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
480<\/td>\nLocal Area and Spot Cooling
Locker Room, Toilet, and Shower Space Ventilation
Roof Ventilators <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
481<\/td>\n3. Heat Control
Ventilation for Heat Relief
Heat Stress\u2014Thermal Standards <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
482<\/td>\nHeat Exposure Control
4. Energy Conservation, Recovery, and Sustainability <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
483<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
484<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
486<\/td>\nCHAPTER 33 – INDUSTRIAL LOCAL EXHAUST SYSTEMS
Local Exhaust Versus General Ventilation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
487<\/td>\n1. Local Exhaust Fundamentals
System Components
System Classification
Effectiveness of Local Exhaust <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
488<\/td>\nPrinciples of Hood Design Optimization
2. Air Movement in Vicinity of Local Exhaust <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
489<\/td>\nPressure Loss in Hoods and Ducts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
491<\/td>\nOverhead Canopy Hoods
Canopy Hoods with Sidewalls
Low Canopy Hoods
High Canopy Hood Use as Redundant Control Measure
Ventilation Controls for Large-Scale Hot Processes
Ventilation Controls for Small-Scale Hot Processes
Sidedraft Hoods
3. Other Local Exhaust System Components
Duct Design and Construction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
493<\/td>\nAir Cleaners
Air-Moving Devices
Energy Recovery to Increase Sustainability
Exhaust Stacks
Instrumentation and Controls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
494<\/td>\n4. Operation
System Testing and Balancing
Operation and Maintenance
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
496<\/td>\nCHAPTER 34 – KITCHEN VENTILATION
1. Commercial Kitchen Ventilation
Sustainability
Design Best Practices
Ventilation Rates for Hooded Door Dishwashers
Recommended Frequency of Maintenance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
497<\/td>\n1.1 Commissioning
1.2 Ventilation Design
Design Process <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
498<\/td>\n1.3 System Integration and Design
Principles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
499<\/td>\nIncorporating Variable-Frequency Drives (VFDs) for Exhaust Fan Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
500<\/td>\nMultiple-Hood Systems Served by Single Exhaust Fan
Dynamic Volumetric Flow Rate Effects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
501<\/td>\n1.4 Energy Considerations
Energy Conservation Strategies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
502<\/td>\nDemand-Controlled Kitchen Ventilation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
503<\/td>\nReduced Exhaust and Associated Duct Velocities
Dishroom Ventilation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
504<\/td>\nDesigning for High-Performance Green Building Compliance under ANSI\/ASHRAE\/USGBC\/IES Standard 189.1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
505<\/td>\n1.5 Thermal Comfort
Dishwashing Area
1.6 Commercial Exhaust Hoods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
506<\/td>\nHood Types
Type I Hoods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
509<\/td>\nIsland Canopy Hoods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
510<\/td>\nWall Canopy Hoods, Appliance Positioning, and Diversity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
513<\/td>\nType II Hoods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
514<\/td>\nVentilation for Conveyor Dish Machines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
515<\/td>\nRecirculating Systems
Downdraft Appliance Ventilation Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
516<\/td>\nField Performance Testing
1.7 Cooking Effluent Generation and Control
Effluent Generation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
517<\/td>\nThermal Plume Behavior <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
518<\/td>\nEffluent Control
Grease Extraction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
520<\/td>\n1.8 Replacement (Makeup) Air Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
521<\/td>\nIndoor Environmental Quality
Replacement Air Introduction
Replacement Air Categories <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
522<\/td>\nAir Distribution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
526<\/td>\n1.9 HVAC System Design
Hooded and Unhooded Appliance Loads
Outdoor Air Loads <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
527<\/td>\nThermal Comfort Research Results
1.10 Exhaust Systems
Duct Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
528<\/td>\n1.11 Exhaust Fans
Types of Exhaust Fans <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
529<\/td>\nExhaust Terminations
1.12 Fire Safety <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
530<\/td>\nFire Suppression Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
531<\/td>\nPreventing Fire Spread <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
533<\/td>\n1.13 System Commissioning and Air Balancing
Air Balancing
System Tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
534<\/td>\nPerformance Test
Follow-Up: Records
1.14 Operations and Maintenance
Sustainability Impact <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
535<\/td>\nOperation
Maintenance
Cooking Equipment
Exhaust Systems (e.g., Hoods) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
536<\/td>\nSupply, Replacement, and Return Air Systems
2. Residential Kitchen Ventilation
Equipment and Processes
2.1 Exhaust Systems
Hoods and Other Ventilation Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
537<\/td>\nDifferences Between Commercial and Residential Equipment
Exhaust Duct Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
538<\/td>\nReplacement (Makeup) Air
High-Rise Systems
Energy Conservation
Fire Protection for Residential Hoods
Maintenance
3. Research
Research Overview <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
539<\/td>\nBenefits to the HVAC Industry
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
540<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
542<\/td>\nCHAPTER 35 – GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
1. Ground-Source Heat Pumps
1.1 Terminology
Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
544<\/td>\nGroundwater Heat Pump (GWHP) Systems
Surface Water Heat Pump Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
545<\/td>\n1.2 General Information
Site Characterization
Commissioning GSHP Systems
Codes and Standards
1.3 Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Systems Using Water-Based Heat Transfer Fluids
Vertical Design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
556<\/td>\nSimulation of Ground Heat Exchangers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
557<\/td>\nHybrid System Design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
559<\/td>\nPump and Piping System Options <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
562<\/td>\nPressure Considerations in Deeper Vertical Boreholes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
564<\/td>\nEffect of GSHP Equipment Selection on Heat Exchanger Design
Horizontal and Small Vertical System Design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
568<\/td>\nCentral Plant Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
569<\/td>\nAntifreeze Requirements
1.4 Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Systems Using Refrigerant-Based Heat Transfer Fluids (Direct Exchange) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
570<\/td>\nSystem Design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
571<\/td>\nGround Heat Exchanger Corrosion Protection System
1.5 Open-Loop Groundwater Heat Pump System components
Water Wells <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
572<\/td>\nFlow Testing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
573<\/td>\nGroundwater Quality <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
574<\/td>\nWell Pumps <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
575<\/td>\n1.6 Open-Loop Groundwater Heat Pump System Design
Extraction Well Commercial Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
576<\/td>\nCentral Plant Systems
Extraction Well Residential Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
577<\/td>\nStanding-Column Systems
1.7 Surface Water Heat Pumps <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
578<\/td>\nHeat Transfer in Lakes
Thermal Patterns in Lakes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
579<\/td>\nClosed-Loop Lake Water Heat Pump Systems
Open-Loop Lake Water Heat Pump and Direct Surface Cooling Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
580<\/td>\n2. Direct-Use Geothermal Energy
2.1 Resources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
581<\/td>\nTemperature
2.2 Fluids <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
582<\/td>\n2.3 Present Use
2.4 Design
2.5 Cost Factors
Well Depth
Distance Between Resource Location and Application Site
Well Flow Rate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
583<\/td>\nResource Temperature
Temperature Drop
Load Factor
Composition of Fluid
Ease of Disposal
Direct-Use Water Quality Testing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
584<\/td>\n2.6 Materials and Equipment
Performance of Materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
585<\/td>\nPumps <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
586<\/td>\nHeat Exchangers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
587<\/td>\nValves
Piping
2.7 Residential and Commercial Building Applications
Space Heating <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
588<\/td>\nDomestic Water Heating
Space Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
589<\/td>\nCascading Systems
2.8 Industrial Applications
3. Renewability
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
592<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
593<\/td>\nCHAPTER 36 – SOLAR ENERGY USE
1. Quality and Quantity of Solar Energy
Solar Constant
Solar Angles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
594<\/td>\nSolar Time
Incident Angle <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
595<\/td>\nSolar Spectrum
Solar Radiation at the Earth\u2019s Surface
Design Values of Total Solar Irradiation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
596<\/td>\nSolar Energy for Flat-Plate Collectors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
597<\/td>\nLongwave Atmospheric Radiation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
598<\/td>\n2. Solar Energy Collection
Solar Heat Collection by Flat-Plate Solar Thermal Collectors
Glazing Materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
599<\/td>\nAbsorber Plates
Concentrating Collectors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
601<\/td>\nFlat-Plate Collector Performance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
602<\/td>\n3. Water Heating Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
603<\/td>\nHot-Water System Components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
605<\/td>\nThermosiphon Systems
Direct-Circulation Systems
Indirect Water-Heating Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
606<\/td>\nIntegral Collector Storage Systems
Site-Built Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
607<\/td>\nPool Heaters
Hot-Water Recirculation
4. Active and Passive Systems for Solar Heating and Cooling Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
608<\/td>\nPassive Systems
5. Cooling by Nocturnal Radiation and Evaporation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
609<\/td>\nActive Systems
Space Heating and Service Hot Water <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
610<\/td>\n6. Cooling by Solar Energy
Solar Cooling with Absorption Refrigeration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
611<\/td>\nDesign, Control, and Operation Guidelines
7. Sizing Solar Heating and Cooling Systems: Energy Requirements
Performance Evaluation Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
612<\/td>\nSimplified Analysis Methods
Water-Heating Load
Active Heating\/Cooling
Standard Systems
f-Chart Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
614<\/td>\nOther Active Collector Methods
Passive Heating <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
615<\/td>\nOther Passive Heating Methods
8. Installation Guidelines of Solar Thermal Collectors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
616<\/td>\nCollector Mounting
Freeze Protection
Overheat Protection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
617<\/td>\nSafety
Start-Up Commissioning Procedure
Maintenance
Performance Monitoring\/Minimum Instrumentation
9. Design, Installation, and Operation Checklist of Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
Collectors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
618<\/td>\nHeat Transfer Fluid
Airflow
Thermal Storage
Uses
Controls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
619<\/td>\nPerformance
10. Photovoltaic Applications
Grid-Connected Systems
PV for Buildings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
620<\/td>\nOther Photovoltaic Applications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
621<\/td>\n11. Design and Performance of Photovoltaic Systems
PV Design Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
622<\/td>\nPV, BAPV, and BIPV Electrical Performance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
626<\/td>\n12. Installation and Operation Guidelines for Photovoltaic Systems
Safety
Documentation
Start-Up Commissioning
Maintenance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
627<\/td>\nPerformance Monitoring\/Minimum Instrumentation
13. Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
628<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
629<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
631<\/td>\nCHAPTER 37 – ENERGY AND WATER USE AND MANAGEMENT
1. Energy and Water Management <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
632<\/td>\nOrganizing for Energy and Water Management
Energy Managers
2. Communications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
633<\/td>\n3. Energy and Water Accounting Systems
Energy and Water Accounting
Energy and Water Accounting Process
Utility Rates
4. Analyzing Energy and Water Data
Preparing for Cost and Efficiency Improvements
Analyzing Energy and Water Use Data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
634<\/td>\nElectrical Use Profile <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
635<\/td>\nCalculating Electrical Load and Occupancy Factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
636<\/td>\nCalculating Seasonal ELFs
Electricity Demand Billing
Benchmarking Energy Use <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
638<\/td>\nBenchmarking Water Use <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
640<\/td>\n5. Surveys and Audits
Energy and Water Audits <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
641<\/td>\n6. Improving Discretionary Operations
Basic Energy and Water Management
Optimizing More Complex System Operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
642<\/td>\n7. Energy- and Water-Efficiency Measures
Identifying Energy- and Water-Efficiency Measures
Evaluating Energy- and Water-Efficiency Measures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
643<\/td>\nExploring Financing Options
8. Implementing Energy-Efficiency Measures
9. Monitoring Results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
644<\/td>\n10. Evaluating Success and Establishing New Goals
Establishing Key Performance Indicators
Building Energy Labels <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
645<\/td>\nTracking Performance
Establishing New Goals
Reporting <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
646<\/td>\n11. Building Emergency Energy Use Reduction
Implementing Emergency Energy and Water Use Reductions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
647<\/td>\nGeneral
Thermal Envelope
HVAC Systems and Equipment
Lighting Systems
Water Use Systems
Special Equipment
Building Operation Demand Reduction
When Power Is Restored
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
648<\/td>\nBibliography
Online Resources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
649<\/td>\nCHAPTER 38 – OWNING AND OPERATING COSTS
Initial Cost <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
650<\/td>\nAnalysis Period
Service Life <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
652<\/td>\nDepreciation
Interest or Discount Rate
Periodic Costs
2. Operating Costs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
653<\/td>\nElectrical Energy <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
654<\/td>\nNatural Gas
Other Fossil Fuels
Energy Source Choices <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
655<\/td>\nWater and Sewer Costs
3. Maintenance Costs
Estimating Maintenance Costs
Factors Affecting Maintenance Costs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
656<\/td>\n4. Refrigerant Phaseouts
Other Sources
5. Other Issues
Financing Alternatives <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
658<\/td>\nDistrict Energy Service
On-Site Electrical Power Generation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
659<\/td>\n6. Economic Analysis Techniques
Simple Payback
More Sophisticated Economic Analysis Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
661<\/td>\nSummary of SIR Method
Computer Analysis
Reference Equations
7. Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
663<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
664<\/td>\nCHAPTER 39 – TESTING, ADJUSTING, AND BALANCING
1. Terminology
2. General Criteria
Design Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
665<\/td>\nStratification
3. Air Volumetric Measurement Methods
Air Devices
Duct Flow
3.1 Mixture Plenums
Pressure Measurement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
666<\/td>\n4. Instruments
Air Testing and Balancing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
668<\/td>\nFluid Testing and Balancing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
669<\/td>\nOther Air or Fluid System Measurements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
673<\/td>\n5. Air Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing
System Preparation
Air System Testing and Adjusting
Air System Balancing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
676<\/td>\nReport Information <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
677<\/td>\n6. Balancing Hydronic Systems
Heat Transfer at Reduced Flow Rate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
678<\/td>\nHeat Transfer at Excessive Flow
Generalized Chilled Water Terminal: Heat Transfer Versus Flow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
679<\/td>\nFlow Tolerance and Balance Procedure
Water-Side Balancing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
681<\/td>\nNormal Instrumentation for Field Measurement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
682<\/td>\nSystem Calculation and Specification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
685<\/td>\nEquipment
Record Keeping
Sizing Balancing Valves and Flow Measurement Devices
7. Hydronic Balancing Methods
System Preparation for Static System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
686<\/td>\nPump Start-Up
Confirmation of System Venting
Balancing
Balance by Temperature Difference
Water Balance by Proportional Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
687<\/td>\nProportional Balancing
Other Balancing Techniques <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
688<\/td>\nGeneral Balance Procedures
Balance Procedure: Primary and Secondary Circuits
8. Fluid Flow Measurement
Flow Measurement Based on Manufacturer\u2019s Data
Pressure Differential Readout <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
689<\/td>\nConversion of Differential Pressure to Head
Differential Head Readout with Manometers
Orifice Plates, Venturi, and Flow Indicators <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
690<\/td>\nUsing Pump as Indicator <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
691<\/td>\nCentral Plant Chilled-Water Systems
Water Flow Instruments
9. Balancing Steam Distribution Systems
Procedures for Steam Balancing Variable Flow Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
692<\/td>\nSteam Flow Measuring Devices
Steam Pressure Regulation
10. Balancing Cooling Towers
Measurements and Verification Process
11. Verification of Controls Operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
693<\/td>\n12. Thermal Performance Verification
13. Outdoor Air Ventilation Verification
14. Temperature Control Verification
Suggested Procedures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
694<\/td>\n15. Testing for Sound and Vibration
Testing for Sound <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
697<\/td>\nTesting for Vibration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
700<\/td>\n16. Field Survey for Energy Audit
Instruments <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
701<\/td>\nData Recording
Building Systems
Process Loads
Guidelines for Developing Field Study Form <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
702<\/td>\n17. TAB Reports
General Items
System Diagram
Air Apparatus Test Report <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
703<\/td>\nGas\/Oil Fired Heat Apparatus Test Report
Electric Coil\/Duct Heater Test Report
Fan Test Report
Duct Traverse Report <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
704<\/td>\nAir Terminal Device Report
System Coil Report
Packaged Chiller Test Report
Package Rooftop\/Heat Pump A\/C Unit Test Report <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
705<\/td>\nCompressor and\/or Condenser Test Report
Cooling Tower or Condenser Test Report
Heat Exchanger\/Converter Test Report <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
706<\/td>\nPump Test Report
Boiler Test Report
Instrument Calibration Report
Component Failure Report
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
708<\/td>\nCHAPTER 40 – OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
1. Operation and Maintenance as Part of Life-Cycle Costs
2. Operating a Facility for Optimal Performance
6. Managing Changes in Buildings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
710<\/td>\n3. Maintenance Strategies for Optimal Performance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
711<\/td>\nChoosing the Best Combination of Maintenance Strategies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
712<\/td>\nElements of Effective Operations and Maintenance Programs
Organization
O&M Goals and Targets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
713<\/td>\nReviewing Performance Data
Commissioning Before, During, and After Turnover <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
714<\/td>\n4. Documentation
O&M Documents
Documentation Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
715<\/td>\n5. Staffing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
716<\/td>\nTraining <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
717<\/td>\nSelf-Performance Versus Contract <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
718<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
720<\/td>\nCHAPTER 41 – COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
1. Introduction to Computing Technologies
1.1 Software Availability <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
721<\/td>\n1.2 Custom Programming
1.3 Programming Languages
2. Big Data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
722<\/td>\n2.1 HVAC Applications
Sustainability
Economic Benefits
3. Cloud Computing
4. Mobile Computing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
723<\/td>\n4.1 Mobile Applications in the HVAC Industry <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
724<\/td>\n5. CyberSecurity
5.1 Basic Cybersecurity Practices
7.1 Application and Purpose
7.3 Control Communication Protocols
7.4 BAS Security <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
725<\/td>\nWeb Browser Security
E-mail Security
6. Software Applications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
726<\/td>\n6.1 Example Software Applications
Design
Construction
Operations and Maintenance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
727<\/td>\n6.2 BIM and Data Interoperability
7. Building Automation and Control
7.2 Network Architecture and Components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
728<\/td>\n7.5 ASHRAE Resources for BAS System Design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
729<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
730<\/td>\nFurther Internet Resources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
731<\/td>\nCHAPTER 42 – BUILDING ENERGY AND WATER MONITORING
1. Reasons for Energy or Water Monitoring
Energy or Water End Use Assessment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
732<\/td>\nSpecific Technology Assessment
Savings Measurement and Verification (M&V)
Building Operation and Diagnostics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
733<\/td>\n2. Small Projects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
734<\/td>\nHow to Use This Chapter for Small Projects
3. Protocols for Performance Monitoring
Residential Retrofit Monitoring
Commercial Retrofit Monitoring <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
735<\/td>\nCommercial New Construction Monitoring <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
736<\/td>\n4. Common Monitoring Issues
Planning
Implementation and Data Management <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
737<\/td>\nData Analysis and Reporting
5. Steps for Project Design and Implementation
Part One: Identify Project Objectives, Resources, and Constraints <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
738<\/td>\nPart Two: Specify Building and Occupant Characteristics
Part Three: Specify Data Products and Project Output
Part Four: Specify Design of Monitoring <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
740<\/td>\nPart Five: Specify Data Analysis Procedures and Algorithms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
742<\/td>\nPart Six: Specify Field Data Monitoring Points <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
744<\/td>\nPart Seven: Resolve Project Data Accuracies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
745<\/td>\nPart Eight: Specify Verification and Quality Assurance Procedures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
746<\/td>\nPart Nine: Specify Recording and Data Exchange Formats
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
748<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
749<\/td>\nCHAPTER 43 – SUPERVISORY CONTROL STRATEGIES AND OPTIMIZATION
1. Terminology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
751<\/td>\n2. Methods
2.1 Control Variables
Systems and Controls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
752<\/td>\n2.2 Supervisory Control Strategies
Sampling Intervals for Reset Controls
2.3 Static Optimization
General Static Optimization Problem <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
753<\/td>\n2.4 Dynamic Optimization <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
754<\/td>\nCooling Systems with Discrete Storage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
755<\/td>\nCooling Systems with Thermally Activated Building Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
756<\/td>\n3. Control Strategies and Optimization
3.1 Control Strategies for Cooling Tower Fans
Near-Optimal Tower Fan Sequencing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
757<\/td>\nNear-Optimal Tower Airflow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
759<\/td>\nOverrides for Equipment Constraints
Implementation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
760<\/td>\n3.2 Chilled-Water Reset with Fixed-Speed Pumping
Pump Sequencing
Optimal Chilled-Water Temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
761<\/td>\nOverrides for Equipment and Comfort Constraints
Implementation
3.3 Chilled-Water Reset with Variable-Speed Pumping
Optimal Differential Pressure Set Points <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
762<\/td>\nNear-Optimal Chilled-Water Set Point <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
763<\/td>\nPump Sequencing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
764<\/td>\nOverrides for Equipment and Comfort Constraints
Implementation
3.4 Sequencing and Loading Multiple Chillers
Near-Optimal Condenser Water Flow Distribution
Optimal Chiller Load Distribution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
767<\/td>\nOrder for Bringing Chillers Online and Off-Line <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
768<\/td>\nLoad Conditions for Bringing Chillers Online or Off-Line <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
769<\/td>\n3.5 Simplified Static Optimization of Cooling Plants
Simplified System-Based Optimization Approach <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
771<\/td>\nStatic Optimization for Cooling Plants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
775<\/td>\n3.6 Dynamic Optimization for Cooling Using Discrete Storage
Cooling Systems with Discrete Thermal Storage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
777<\/td>\nControl Strategies for Cooling Systems with Discrete Thermal Storage
Charging Strategies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
778<\/td>\nDischarging Strategies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
779<\/td>\n3.7 Dynamic Optimization for Cooling Using Thermal Mass or Tabs
Precooling of Building Thermal Mass <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
782<\/td>\nThermally Activated Building Systems (TABS) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
783<\/td>\nCombined Thermal Energy Storage Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
785<\/td>\n3.8 Forecasting Diurnal Cooling and Whole-Building Demand Profiles
Data-Driven Algorithms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
786<\/td>\nA Forecasting Algorithm <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
787<\/td>\n3.9 Predictive HVAC Control Strategies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
788<\/td>\n3.10 Control Strategies for Heating Systems
Excess Air in Combustion Process <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
789<\/td>\nSequencing and Loading of Multiple Boilers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
790<\/td>\nLoad Conditions for Bringing Boilers Online or Off-Line
Optimal Boiler Load Distribution
Maintaining Boilers in Standby Mode
Supply Water and Supply Pressure Reset for Boilers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
791<\/td>\n3.11 Control Strategies for Air-Handling Units
Air Handler Sequencing and Economizer Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
792<\/td>\nSupply Air Temperature Reset for Constant Air Volume (CAV)
Static Pressure Reset for Variable Air Volume (VAV)
3.12 Control Strategies for Building Zones
Recovery from Night Setback or Setup <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
793<\/td>\nEmergency Strategy to Limit Peak Cooling Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
794<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
796<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
797<\/td>\nCHAPTER 44 – HVAC COMMISSIONING
1. Considerations
Applicability
Background
Benefits <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
798<\/td>\nKey Contributors
Definitions
1.1 Commissioning Objective
1.2 Management and Responsibilities
Management Strategies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
799<\/td>\nTeam Members
Roles and Responsibilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
800<\/td>\n2. Commissioning Process <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
801<\/td>\n2.1 Predesign-Phase Commissioning
Objectives
Activities
Predesign-Phase Commissioning Plan
Acceptance of Predesign Commissioning
2.2 Design-Phase Commissioning
Objectives <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
802<\/td>\nActivities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
804<\/td>\n2.3 Construction-Phase Commissioning
Objectives
Activities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
807<\/td>\n2.4 Occupancy- and Operations-Phase Commissioning
Objectives
Activities
2.5 Life and Property Safety Check <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
808<\/td>\nHazards Generated on Site
Effective Fire and Hazardous Gas Detection and Alarm Systems
Active Fire Protection Systems
National Security and Emergency Response Plan
3. Commissioning Costs
3.1 Design-Phase Costs (Including Predesign and Design)
3.2 Construction- and Occupancy\/ Operations-Phase Costs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
809<\/td>\n3.3 Existing Buildings
3.4 Certification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
810<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
811<\/td>\nCHAPTER 45 – BUILDING ENVELOPES
1. Terminology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
812<\/td>\n2. Governing Principles
Design Parameters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
813<\/td>\nOther Important Performance Criteria
3. Design Principles
Heat Flow Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
814<\/td>\nThermal Performance
Thermal Mass
Thermal Bridges
Air Leakage Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
815<\/td>\nMoisture Control
Liquid Water Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
816<\/td>\nWater Vapor Control
Common Envelope Problems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
817<\/td>\nControl of Surface Condensation
Interzonal Environmental Loads
Interstitial Spaces <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
818<\/td>\n4. Quick Design Guide for High- Performance Building Envelopes
5. Roofs
Low-Slope Roof Assemblies
Steep-Roof Assemblies
Vegetated Roofing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
819<\/td>\n6. Walls
Curtain Walls
Precast Concrete Panels <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
820<\/td>\nSteel-Stud Wall Assemblies
Wall Geometry with High Thermal Conductivity
7. Fenestration
Conduction\/Convection and Radiation Effects
Air Infiltration Effects
Solar Gain
Interactions Between Thermal Loss and Solar Gain
Control of Rain Entry <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
821<\/td>\n8. Foundations
Heat Transfer
Moisture
9. Existing and Historic Buildings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
822<\/td>\nBuilding Materials
Changing HVAC Equipment and\/or Control Strategy
Envelope Modifications Without Mechanical System Upgrades <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
823<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
824<\/td>\nBIBLIOGRAPHY <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
825<\/td>\nCHAPTER 46 – BUILDING AIR INTAKE AND EXHAUST DESIGN
1. Exhaust Stack and Air Intake Design Strategies
Stack Design Strategies
Recommended Stack Exhaust Velocity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
826<\/td>\nOther Stack Design Standards
Contamination Sources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
827<\/td>\nGeneral Guidance on Intake Placement
Code Requirements for Air Intakes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
828<\/td>\nTreatment and Control Strategies
Intake Locations for Heat-Rejection Devices
Wind Recirculation Zones on Flat-Roofed Buildings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
829<\/td>\n2. Geometric Method for Estimating Stack Height <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
831<\/td>\n3. Exhaust-To-Intake Dilution or Concentration Calculations
Worst-Case Critical Dilution or Maximum Concentration
Dilution and Concentration Definitions
Roof-Level Dilution Estimation Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
832<\/td>\nCross-Wind and Vertical Plume Spreads for Dilution Calculations
Stack Design Using Dilution Calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
833<\/td>\nDilution from Flush Exhaust Vents with No Stack
Dilution at a Building Sidewall (Hidden) Intakes
EPA Models <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
834<\/td>\nWind Tunnel Modeling
Computer Simulations Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
4. Other Considerations
Annual Hours of Occurrence of Highest Intake Contamination
Combined Exhausts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
835<\/td>\nGanged Exhausts
Influence of Architectural Screens on Exhaust Dilution
Emissions Characterization <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
836<\/td>\nSymbols
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
837<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
838<\/td>\nCHAPTER 47 – AIR CLEANERS FOR GASEOUS CONTAMINANTS
1. Terminology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
840<\/td>\n2. Gaseous Contaminants
Using Source Data to Predict Indoor Concentrations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
844<\/td>\n3. Problem Assessment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
845<\/td>\nContaminant Load Estimates
4. Contaminant Reduction Strategies
Elimination or Reduction of Emissions
Local Source Management
Dilution Through General Ventilation
5. Contaminant Removal by Ventilation Air Cleaning
Gaseous Contaminant Removal Processes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
848<\/td>\n6. Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
849<\/td>\n7. Air Cleaner System Design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
850<\/td>\nMedia Selection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
851<\/td>\nAir Cleaner Location and Other HVAC Concerns
Sizing Gaseous Contaminant Removal Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
853<\/td>\nSpecial Cases <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
854<\/td>\nEnergy Concerns
Economic Considerations
8. Safety <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
855<\/td>\n9. Installation, Start-Up, and Commissioning
Start-Up and Commissioning
10. Operation and Maintenance
When to Change Media <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
856<\/td>\nReplacement and Reactivation
11. Environmental Influences on Air Cleaners
12. Testing Media, Equipment, and Systems
Laboratory Tests of Media and Complete Air Cleaners <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
857<\/td>\nField Tests of Installed Air Cleaners <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
858<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
860<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
861<\/td>\nCHAPTER 48 – DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF CONTROLS
1. System Types
2. Heating Systems
Hot-Water and Steam Boilers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
862<\/td>\nHot-Water Distribution Systems
Heating Coils <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
864<\/td>\nRadiant Heating and Cooling
3. Cooling Systems
Chillers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
865<\/td>\nChiller Plant Operation Optimization <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
866<\/td>\nCooling Tower <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
867<\/td>\nAir-Cooled Chillers
Water-Side Economizers
Cooling Coil <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
868<\/td>\n4. Air Systems
Variable Air Volume (VAV) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
872<\/td>\nConstant-Volume (CV) Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
873<\/td>\nTerminal Units <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
875<\/td>\nHumidity Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
877<\/td>\nSingle-Zone Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
878<\/td>\nMultiple-Zone, Dual-Duct Systems
5. Special Applications
Mobile Unit Control
Explosive Atmospheres <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
879<\/td>\n6. Design Considerations and Principles
Extraordinary Incidents
Mechanical and Electrical Coordination <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
880<\/td>\nSequences of Operation
Energy-Efficient Controls
7. Control Principles for Energy Conservation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
881<\/td>\nSystem Selection
Load Matching
Size of Controlled Area
Location of Space Sensors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
882<\/td>\nCommissioning
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
883<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
885<\/td>\nCHAPTER 49 – NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL
1. Data Reliability
2. Acoustical Design of HVAC Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
886<\/td>\n2.1 Receiver Considerations
Indoor Sound Criteria <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
891<\/td>\nOutdoor Sound Criteria <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
892<\/td>\n2.2 Basic Acoustical Design Techniques
2.3 Source Sound Levels
Fans <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
894<\/td>\nVariable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
895<\/td>\nRooftop-Mounted Air Handlers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
896<\/td>\nAerodynamically Generated Sound in Ducts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
899<\/td>\nWater and Air-Cooled Chillers and Air-Cooled Condensers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
902<\/td>\nEmergency Generators
2.4 Path Noise Estimation and Control
Duct Element Sound Attenuation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
912<\/td>\nSound Radiation Through Duct Walls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
915<\/td>\n2.5 Receiver Room Sound Correction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
916<\/td>\nDistributed Array of Ceiling Sound Sources
Nonstandard Rooms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
917<\/td>\nLine Sound Sources
Room Noise Measurement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
918<\/td>\n2.6 Sound Control for Outdoor Equipment
Sound Propagation Outdoors
Sound Barriers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
919<\/td>\n2.7 Fume Hood Duct Design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
920<\/td>\n2.8 Mechanical Equipment Room Sound Isolation
Location
Wall Design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
921<\/td>\nDoors
Penetrations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
922<\/td>\nMechanical Chases
Special Construction Types
Floating Floors and Barrier Ceilings
Sound Transmission in Return Air Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
923<\/td>\nSound Transmission Through Ceilings
2.9 HVAC Noise-Reduction Design Procedures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
925<\/td>\nCalculation Procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
926<\/td>\n3. Vibration Isolation and Control
3.1 Vibration Measurement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
928<\/td>\n3.2 Equipment Vibration
3.3 Vibration Criteria <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
929<\/td>\n3.4 Specification of Vibration Isolators <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
934<\/td>\nSelecting Vibration Isolators to Meet Isolator Deflection Requirements
3.5 Vibration- and Noise-Sensitive Facilities
3.6 Internal Versus External Isolation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
935<\/td>\n3.7 Isolating Vibration and Noise in Piping Systems
Resilient Pipe Hangers and Supports <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
937<\/td>\nIsolating Duct Vibration
3.8 Seismic Protection
3.9 Vibration Investigations
4. Commissioning
5. Troubleshooting
5.1 Determining Problem Source <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
938<\/td>\n5.2 Determining Problem Type
Noise Problems
Vibration Problems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
939<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
941<\/td>\nBibliography
Resources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
942<\/td>\nCHAPTER 50 – WATER TREATMENT: DEPOSITION, CORROSION, AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
1. Water Quality and Its Sources
1.1 Water Characteristics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
943<\/td>\n1.2 Water Sources
Potable Water Sources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
944<\/td>\nAlternative Water Sources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
945<\/td>\n2. Water Treatment
2.1 Control
Deposition
Calcium Carbonate Formation (Hard Lime Scale)
Deposition, Scale, and Suspended-Solids Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
946<\/td>\nScaling Indices
Scale and Deposit Formation Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
947<\/td>\nSuspended Solids and Deposition Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
948<\/td>\n2.2 Corrosion and Corrosion Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
950<\/td>\nFactors Affecting Corrosion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
952<\/td>\nCorrosion Preventive and Protective Measures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
953<\/td>\nCorrosion Measurement
2.3 Biological Growth Control
Biological Categories <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
954<\/td>\nControl Measures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
956<\/td>\n2.4 Nonchemical and Physical Water Treatment Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
957<\/td>\nASHRAE Research Projects
2.5 BOILER Water Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
958<\/td>\nOpen Systems
External Boiler Water Pretreatment (Water Conditioning) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
959<\/td>\nBoiler Internal Treatments <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
960<\/td>\nSteam and Condensate Network
Boiler Water Treatment Chemical Feed Methods
Condenser Water Systems
Start-Up and Recommissioning for Drained Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
961<\/td>\nStart-Up and Recommissioning for Undrained (Stagnant) Systems
Shutdown
White Rust on Galvanized Steel Cooling Towers
Once-Through Cooling-Water Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
962<\/td>\nOpen Recirculating Cooling-Water Systems
Air Washers and Sprayed-Coil Units
Closed Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
963<\/td>\nWater-Heating Systems
Glycol Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
964<\/td>\nThermal Storage Systems
Brine Systems
3. Terminology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
965<\/td>\nReferences
BIBLIOGRAPHY <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
966<\/td>\nCHAPTER 51 – SERVICE WATER HEATING
1. System Elements
2. Water-Heating Terminology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
967<\/td>\n3. System Planning
Energy Sources
4. Design Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
968<\/td>\nDesign Path for Savings
5. End-Use Fixtures
6. Distribution
Piping Material
Pipe Sizing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
969<\/td>\nSupply Piping
Pressure Differential
Effect of Distribution Design on Efficiency of Condensing Heaters
Piping Heat Loss and Hot-Water Delivery Delays <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
971<\/td>\nHot-Water Recirculation Loops and Return Piping <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
972<\/td>\nHeat-Traced, Nonreturn Piping
Multiple Water Heaters
Commercial Dishwasher Piping and Pressure Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
973<\/td>\nTwo-Temperature Service
Manifolding <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
974<\/td>\n7. Water-Heating Equipment
Gas-Fired Systems
Oil-Fired Systems
Electric <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
975<\/td>\nIndirect Water Heating
Semi-Instantaneous
Circulating Tank <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
976<\/td>\nBlending Injection
Solar
Wood Fired
Waste Heat Use
Refrigeration Heat Reclaim
Combination Heating
8. Building Applications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
977<\/td>\n9. Hot-Water Load and Equipment Sizing
Load Diversity
Residential <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
978<\/td>\nCommercial and Institutional <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
981<\/td>\nSizing Examples <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
991<\/td>\nSizing Boilers for Combined Space and Water Heating
Typical Control Sequence for Indirect Water Heaters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
992<\/td>\nSizing Tankless Water Heaters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
993<\/td>\nSizing Instantaneous and Semi-Instantaneous Water Heaters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
994<\/td>\nSizing Refrigerant-Based Water Heaters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
995<\/td>\n10. Water-Heating Energy Use <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
997<\/td>\n11. Health and Safety
Legionellosis (Legionnaires\u2019 Disease)
Scalding <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
998<\/td>\nTemperature Requirement
Other Safety Concerns
12. Water Quality, Scale, and Corrosion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
999<\/td>\n13. Special Concerns
Cross Flow at End-Use Fixtures
Hot Water from Tanks and Storage Systems
Placement of Water Heaters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1001<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1003<\/td>\nCHAPTER 52 – SNOW MELTING AND FREEZE PROTECTION
1. Snow-Melting Heat Flux Requirement
Heat Balance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1004<\/td>\nHeat Flux Equations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1009<\/td>\nWeather Data and Heat Flux Calculation Results
Example for Surface Heat Flux Calculation Using Table 1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1010<\/td>\nSensitivity of Design Surface Heat Flux to Wind Speed and Surface Size
Back and Edge Heat Losses <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1011<\/td>\nTransient Analysis of System Performance
Annual Operating Data
Annual Operating Cost Example <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1012<\/td>\n2. Slab Design
3. Hydronic System Design
Heat Transfer Fluid <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1013<\/td>\nPiping <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1015<\/td>\nFluid Heater
Thermal Stress <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1016<\/td>\n4. Electric System Design
Heat Flux
Electrical Equipment
Mineral-Insulated Cable <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1018<\/td>\nSelf-Regulating Cable
Constant-Wattage Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1019<\/td>\nInstallation
Infrared Snow-Melting Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1020<\/td>\nSnow Melting in Gutters and Downspouts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1021<\/td>\n5. Control
Automated Controls
Control Selection
Operating Cost
6. Freeze Protection Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1022<\/td>\nSteam Pipe-Tracing Systems
Electric Pipe-Tracing Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1023<\/td>\nControl
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1024<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1025<\/td>\nCHAPTER 53 – EVAPORATIVE COOLING
1. General Applications
Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1026<\/td>\nAdiabatic Humidification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1027<\/td>\nDehumidification and Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1028<\/td>\nAir Cleaning
2. Indirect Evaporative Cooling Systems for Comfort Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1029<\/td>\nIndirect Evaporative Cooling Controls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1030<\/td>\nIndirect\/Direct Evaporative Cooling with VAV Delivery <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1032<\/td>\nBeneficial Humidification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1033<\/td>\nIndirect Evaporative Cooling With Heat Recovery
3. Booster Refrigeration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1034<\/td>\n4. Residential or Commercial Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1035<\/td>\n5. Exhaust Required <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1036<\/td>\n6. Two-Stage Cooling
7. Industrial Applications
Area Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1037<\/td>\nSpot Cooling
Cooling Large Motors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1038<\/td>\nCooling Gas Turbine Engines and Generators
Process Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1039<\/td>\nCooling Laundries
Cooling Wood and Paper Products Facilities
8. Other Applications
Cooling Power-Generating Facilities
Cooling Mines
Cooling Animals
Produce Storage Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1040<\/td>\nCooling Greenhouses <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1041<\/td>\n9. Control Strategy to Optimize Energy Recovery
10. Air Cleaning and Sound Attenuation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1042<\/td>\nControl of Gaseous Contaminants
11. Economic Factors
Direct Evaporation Energy Saving
Indirect Evaporation Energy Saving
Water Cost for Evaporative Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1043<\/td>\n12. Psychrometrics
13. Entering Air Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1044<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1045<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1046<\/td>\nCHAPTER 54 – FIRE AND SMOKE CONTROL
1. Balanced Approach to Fire Protection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1047<\/td>\n2. Fire Stopping at HVAC Penetrations
3. Fire and Smoke Dampers
Fire Dampers
Ceiling Radiation Dampers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1048<\/td>\nSmoke Dampers
Corridor Dampers
4. Smoke Exhaust Fans
5. Design Weather Data
6. Smoke Movement
Stack Effect <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1049<\/td>\nBuoyancy
Expansion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1050<\/td>\nWind
Forced Ventilation
Elevator Piston Effect
7. Methods Used to Control Smoke
Compartmentation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1051<\/td>\nDilution Remote from Fire
Pressurization
Opposed Airflow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1052<\/td>\nBuoyancy
8. Smoke Feedback
9. Pressurization System Design
Door-Opening Forces
Flow and Pressure Difference <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1053<\/td>\nComputer Analysis by Network Modeling
10. Shaft Pressurization
Building Complexity
Stack Effect <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1054<\/td>\n11. Pressurized Stairwells
Stairwell Compartmentation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1055<\/td>\nVestibules
System with Fire Floor Exhaust
Analysis of Pressurized Stairwells
Stairwell Fan Sizing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1056<\/td>\nHeight Limit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1057<\/td>\nStairwells with Open Doors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1058<\/td>\n12. Pressurized Elevators <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1059<\/td>\nBasic System
Exterior Vent (EV) System
Floor Exhaust (FE) System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1060<\/td>\nGround-Floor Lobby (GFL) System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1061<\/td>\n13. Zoned Smoke Control
Interaction with Pressurized Stairs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1062<\/td>\n14. Atrium Smoke Control
Design Fires <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1063<\/td>\nFire Development
Sprinklers
Shielded Fires <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1064<\/td>\nTransient Fuels
Suggested Fire Sizes
Atrium Smoke Filling
Loss of Buoyancy in Atriums
Minimum Smoke Layer Depth
Makeup Air <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1065<\/td>\nStratification and Detection
Equation Method for Steady Smoke Exhaust
Fire in Atrium <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1066<\/td>\nFire in Communicating Space <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1067<\/td>\nSmoke Layer Temperature
Volumetric Flow of Smoke Exhaust
Number of Exhaust Inlets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1068<\/td>\nZone Fire Modeling
CFD Modeling
15. Tenability Systems
Tenability Evaluation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1069<\/td>\n16. Commissioning and Testing
Commissioning Process
Commissioning Testing
Special Inspector
Periodic Testing
17. Extraordinary Incidents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1070<\/td>\n18. Symbols
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1072<\/td>\nCHAPTER 55 – RADIANT HEATING AND COOLING
1. Applications
2. Architecture of Radiant Ceilings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1073<\/td>\n3. Design and Dimensioning
Cooling
Heating
4. Design Aspects of Radiant Ceiling Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1074<\/td>\n5. Acoustic Feature of Radiant Ceiling Panels
Acoustic Inlay Mats
Acoustic Fleece
Panel Perforation
6. Controls
Two-Port Control Valves
Controlling Water Temperature\/Injection Circuit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1075<\/td>\nEnergy Savings with Radiant Cooling Ceiling Systems
7. Design Examples
Classroom <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1077<\/td>\nOffice
8. Condensation Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1078<\/td>\nPrimary Air Conditioning
Condensation Prevention <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1079<\/td>\nProactive Strategies
Reactive Strategies
Spaces with Operable Windows or Doors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1080<\/td>\n9. Embedded Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1082<\/td>\n10. Fundamentals
11. method to determine heating and cooling capacity
Heat Exchange Coefficient Between Surface and Space <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1083<\/td>\n12. ThermoActive Building Systems (TABS) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1084<\/td>\n13. Embedded Systems Controls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1085<\/td>\nCentral Control (Heating Only)
Individual Control
Room Thermostats\/Sensors
Time Delay, Time Response <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1086<\/td>\nSelf-Regulating Effect
14. Radiant Cooling System CONTROL
Control of TABS
Control System Components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1087<\/td>\nTemperature Differences and Flow Rates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1088<\/td>\nDew-Point
Room Control
Control Strategy for Office Buildings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1089<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1090<\/td>\nCHAPTER 56 – SEISMIC- AND WIND-RESISTANT DESIGN
1. Seismic-Resistant Design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1091<\/td>\n1.1 Terminology
1.2 Calculations
Dynamic Analysis
Static Analysis as Defined in the International Building Code <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1092<\/td>\n1.3 Applying Static Analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1095<\/td>\n1.4 Computation of Loads at Building Connection
Simple Case
General Case
Polar Method
Lump Mass Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1096<\/td>\nResilient Support Factors
Building Attachment
1.5 ANSI Steel Bolts
1.6 Lag Screws into Timber
1.7 Concrete Post-Installed Anchor Bolts
ASD Applications
LRFD Applications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1097<\/td>\nTypes of Concrete Post-Installed Anchors
1.8 Weld Capacities
1.9 Seismic Snubbers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1098<\/td>\n1.10 Seismic Restraints <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1099<\/td>\n1.11 Restraint of Pipe and Duct Risers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1100<\/td>\n1.12 Examples <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1103<\/td>\n1.13 Installation Problems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1104<\/td>\n2. Wind-Resistant Design
2.1 Terminology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1105<\/td>\n2.2 Calculations
Analytical Procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1106<\/td>\n2.3 Wall-Mounted HVAC&R Component Calculations (Louvers)
Analytical Procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1109<\/td>\n2.4 Certification of HVAC&R Components for Wind <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1110<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1111<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1112<\/td>\nCHAPTER 57 – ELECTRICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Fig. 1 Fundamental Voltage Wave <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1113<\/td>\nElectrical Wiring (Conductors for General Wiring)
Transformers
Fig. 2 Ideal Transformer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1114<\/td>\nFig. 3 Three-Phase Y-Y Transformer
Fig. 4 Three-Phase Y-D Transformer
Fig. 5 Three-Phase D-Y Transformer
Fig. 6 Three-Phase D-D Transformer
Fig. 7 Typical Autotransformer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1115<\/td>\nEmergency and Standby Power Systems
Fig. 8 Break-Before-Make Design for Standard ATS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1116<\/td>\nFig. 9 Closed-Transition ATS
Fig. 10 Parallel-Transfer Switch
Motors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1117<\/td>\nUtilization Equipment Voltage Ratings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1118<\/td>\nFig. 11 Utilization Voltages Versus Nameplate Ratings
Voltage Level Variation Effects
Voltage Selection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1119<\/td>\nTransients
Fig. 12 Example of Spike
Fig. 13 Example of Notch
Fig. 14 Example of Oscillatory Transient <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1120<\/td>\nShort-Duration Variations
Fig. 15 Example of Sag
Fig. 16 Example of Swell (Surge)
Long-Duration Variations
Fig. 17 Example of Overvoltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1121<\/td>\nFig. 18 Example of Undervoltage
Fig. 19 Derating Factor Curve
Interruptions and Outages
Fig. 20 Example of Momentary Interruption <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1122<\/td>\nFig. 21 Example of Blackout or Power Failure Waveform
Harmonic Distortion
Fig. 22 Example of Harmonic Voltage Distortion
Fig. 23 Example of Harmonic Current Distortion for Six-Pulse Rectifier with 5% Impedance Reactor
Fig. 24 Example of Harmonic Current Distortion for One-Phase Input Current for Single Personal Computer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1123<\/td>\nFig. 25 Example of VFD with ac Line Reactor
Fig. 26 Example of VFD with Low-Pass Harmonic Filter
Voltage Flicker
Fig. 27 Example of Flicker
Noise
Fig. 28 Example of Electrical Noise <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1124<\/td>\nCost-Based Rates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1125<\/td>\nPolicy-Based Rates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1126<\/td>\nMarket-Based Rates
NEC\u00ae
UL Listing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1127<\/td>\nCSA Approved
ULC
NAFTA Wiring Standards
IEEE
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1128<\/td>\nCHAPTER 58 – ROOM AIR DISTRIBUTION
1. Application Guidelines
Design Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1129<\/td>\nIndoor Air Quality and Sustainability
Return Air Inlets
2. Fully Mixed Air Distribution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1130<\/td>\nPrinciples of Operation
Space Ventilation and Contaminant Removal
Benefits and Limitations
Inlet Conditions to Air Outlets
Effects of Typical Field Installations on Common Ceiling Diffusers.
Space Temperature Gradients and Airflow Rates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1131<\/td>\nMethods for Evaluation
Design Procedures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1134<\/td>\nTypical Applications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1136<\/td>\n3. Fully Stratified Air Distribution
Principles of Operation
Space Ventilation and Contaminant Removal <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1137<\/td>\nOutlet Characteristics
Benefits and Limitations
Considerations Unique to Underfloor Air Distribution Systems
Sizing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1138<\/td>\nMethods of Evaluation
Inlet Conditions
Design Procedures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1139<\/td>\nTypical Applications
Perimeter Control
Considerations Unique to Displacement Ventilation Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1140<\/td>\n4. Partially Mixed Air Distribution
Principles of Operation
Space Ventilation and Contaminant Removal
Outlet Characteristics
Typical Applications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1141<\/td>\nBenefits and Limitations
Methods of Evaluation
Inlet Conditions
Design Procedures
Perimeter Control
Space Temperature Gradients and Airflow Rates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1142<\/td>\n5. Air Dispersion Systems
Principles of Operation
Air Dispersion System Supply Air Outlet Styles
Air Dispersion System Shapes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1143<\/td>\nMaterial Selection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1144<\/td>\nSuspension Systems
Layout <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1145<\/td>\nDesign Procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1146<\/td>\nOperation
6. Air Terminal Units (ATUs)
Principles of Operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1147<\/td>\nBenefits and Limitations
Selection Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1149<\/td>\nInstallation and Operational Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1150<\/td>\nMaintenance and Accessibility.
Control of Fan-Powered ATUs
Fan Airflow Control of Fan-Powered Terminal Units
ECM versus PSC in Parallel and Series Fan-Powered ATUs
Control Strategy <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1151<\/td>\nEnergy Consumption
Inlet Static Pressure Requirements
Sizing Fan-Powered Terminals <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1152<\/td>\nHeating Coils
Additional Fan Guidelines
Special Applications
System Selection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1153<\/td>\n7. Room Fan-Coil Units
Principles of Operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1154<\/td>\nBenefits and Limitations
Selection Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1155<\/td>\nControl of Fan Coil Units <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1157<\/td>\nBuilding Type
8. Heating and Cooling Coil Selection
Sensible Cooling and Heating Coil Selection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1158<\/td>\nTotal Cooling Coil Selection
9. Chilled Beams
Principles of Operation
Application Considerations
Benefits and Limitations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1159<\/td>\nDesign Considerations
Heating
Thermal Comfort
Control and Zoning <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1160<\/td>\nSelection and Location
Operational Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1161<\/td>\nBuilding Type
10. Air Curtain Units
Principles of Operation
Application Considerations
Building Design Considerations
Types of Applications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1163<\/td>\nOptional Features and Controls
Performance and Safety Standards
Maintenance and Accessibility <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1164<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1165<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1166<\/td>\nCHAPTER 59 – INDOOR AIRFLOW MODELING
1. PRELIMINARY Considerations
2. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1167<\/td>\n2.1 Overview of CFD Simulation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1168<\/td>\n3. CFD Examples
3.1 Simple Office with Diffusers and Returns
Geometry Generation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1169<\/td>\nSolver and Models
Boundary Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1170<\/td>\nConvergence
Post Processing and Results
Results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1171<\/td>\n3.2 Chilled Beam
Geometry of Open Office with Chilled Beams
Mesh Generation
Boundary Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1172<\/td>\nSolver and Models
Convergence
Post Processing and Results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1173<\/td>\n3.3 Displacement Ventilation
Model Geometry <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1174<\/td>\nMesh Generation
Boundary Conditions
Solver and Models <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1175<\/td>\nConvergence
Post Processing and Results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1176<\/td>\n3.4 Data Center Design
Geometry Generation
Mesh Generation
Solver and Models
Boundary Conditions\/Object Modeling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1177<\/td>\nConvergence\/Grid Independence
Model Calibration
Results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1178<\/td>\n3.5 Viral Containment in Hospital Ward
Geometry Generation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1179<\/td>\nMesh Generation
Solver and Models
Boundary Conditions\/Object Modeling
Convergence\/Grid Independence
Model Validation
Results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1181<\/td>\n3.6 Natural Ventilation
Geometry and Mesh Generation
Boundary Conditions and Solver Techniques
Convergence Criteria
Results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1182<\/td>\n3.7 Industrial Warehouse
Geometry Generation
Mesh Generation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1183<\/td>\nSolvers and Models <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1184<\/td>\nBoundary Conditions
Convergence\/Grid Independence
Results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1185<\/td>\n4. Multizone Simulation Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1186<\/td>\n4.1 Multizone Simulation of a Typical Office Building
Building Description
Multizone Representation of Building
Source for Contaminant Model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1187<\/td>\nSimulation Results
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1189<\/td>\nCHAPTER 60 – INTEGRATED PROJECT DELIVERY AND BUILDING DESIGN
1. Why Choose IPD? <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1190<\/td>\n1.1 COLLABORATION AND TEAMWORK
1.2 TEAMWORK
Team Formation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1191<\/td>\nConsensus in Decision Making
2. PROCESS
2.1 PHASE DESCRIPTIONS
2.2 Phase 1: Project Justification
Purpose
Prerequisites <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1193<\/td>\nTeam
Work
Sequence of Events
Team Roles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1194<\/td>\nPerformance Requirements
Tools
Documentation
2.3 Phase 2: Project Initiation
Purpose <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1195<\/td>\nPrerequisites
Team
Work
Sequence of Events <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1196<\/td>\nTeam Roles
Performance Requirements
Tools
Documentation
2.4 Phase 3: Concept Development
Purpose
Prerequisites
Team
Work <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1197<\/td>\nSequence of Events <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1198<\/td>\nTeam Roles
Performance Requirements
Tools <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1199<\/td>\nDocumentation
2.5 Phase 4: Design
Purpose
Prerequisites
Team
Work <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1200<\/td>\nSequence of Events
Team Roles
Performance Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1201<\/td>\nTools
Documentation
2.6 Phase 5: Construction Preparation
Purpose
Prerequisites
Team
Work <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1202<\/td>\nSequence of Events
Team Roles
Performance Requirements
Tools
Documentation
2.7 Phase 6: Construction
Purpose
Prerequisites
Team <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1203<\/td>\nWork
Sequence of Events
Team Roles
Performance Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1204<\/td>\nTools
Documentation
2.8 Phase 7: Owner acceptance
Purpose
Prerequisites
Team
Work
Sequence of Events
Team Roles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1205<\/td>\nPerformance Requirements
Tools
Documentation
2.9 Phase 8: Use, Operation, and Maintenance
Purpose
Prerequisites
Team
Work
Sequence of Events
Team Roles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1206<\/td>\nPerformance Requirements
Tools
Documentation
3. TERMINOLOGY <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1210<\/td>\nREFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
RESOURCES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1211<\/td>\nCHAPTER 61 – HVAC SECURITY
1. Owner\u2019s Project Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1212<\/td>\n2. Risk Evaluation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1213<\/td>\n3. HVAC System Security and Environmental Health and Safety Design
3.1 Modes of Operation
Evacuation
Shelter-in-Place <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1214<\/td>\nUninterrupted Operation
3.2 Security and EHS Design Measures
Emergency Power
Redundant Design
System Shutdown and\/or Isolation
Protective Equipment
100% Outdoor Air Operation
HVAC Zoning <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1215<\/td>\nIncreased Standoff Distances
Occupant Notification Systems
Air Intake Protection
Increased Prefiltration Efficiency
Additional Filtration
Location of Mechanical Equipment
Physical Security Measures
Air Supply Quantities and Pressure Gradients
Sensors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1216<\/td>\nMailroom and Lobby Measures
3.3 Commissioning and Recommissioning
3.4 Maintenance Management and Building Automation
4. Chemical Incidents
4.1 Types of Chemical Agents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1217<\/td>\nIncapacitating Agents
Irritants
Toxic Chemical Agents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1219<\/td>\n5. Biological Incidents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1220<\/td>\n6. Radiological Incidents
6.1 Radioactive Materials\u2019 Effects and Sources
6.2 Radiological Dispersion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1221<\/td>\n6.3 Radiation Monitoring
6.4 Facility Response
7. Explosive Incidents
7.1 Loading Description
7.2 Design Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1222<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1223<\/td>\nOnline Resources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1224<\/td>\nCHAPTER 62 – ULTRAVIOLET AIR AND SURFACE TREATMENT
1. Fundamentals
UV Dose and Microbial Response <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1226<\/td>\nUV Inactivation of Biological Contaminants
2. Terminology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1228<\/td>\n3. UVGI Air Treatment Systems
Design Guidance
Upper-Air UVC Devices (Fixtures) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1230<\/td>\nIn-Duct UVC Systems: Airstream Disinfection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1231<\/td>\nStudies of Airstream Disinfection Effectiveness
4. HVAC System Surface Treatment
Coil and Drain Pan Irradiation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1232<\/td>\nAlternative and Complementary Systems
5. Energy and Economic Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1233<\/td>\nUpper-Air UVC Devices
In-Duct Air Disinfection
Upper-Air Versus In-Duct
Cooling Coil Surface Treatment
6. Room Surface Treatment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1234<\/td>\n7. Safety
Hazards of Ultraviolet Radiation to Humans <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1235<\/td>\nSources of UV Exposure
Exposure Limits
Evidence of Safety
Safety Design Guidance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1236<\/td>\n8. Installation, Start-Up, and Commissioning
Upper-Air UVC Devices
In-Duct UVC Systems
9. Maintenance
Material Degradation
Visual Inspection
Radiometer
Lamp Replacement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1237<\/td>\nLamp and Ballast Disposal
Personnel Safety Training
Lamp Breakage
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1240<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1241<\/td>\nCHAPTER 63 – SMART BUILDING SYSTEMS
1. Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1242<\/td>\nApplications of AFDD in Buildings
AFDD Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1243<\/td>\nBenefits of Detecting and Diagnosing Equipment Faults <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1245<\/td>\nCriteria for Evaluating AFDD Methods
Types of AFDD Tools <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1246<\/td>\nAFDD Software Deployed on Networked Workstations
Current State of AFDD in Buildings
Future for Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1247<\/td>\n2. Sensing and Actuating Systems
Sensors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1248<\/td>\nActuators
Sensor and Actuator Integration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1249<\/td>\n3. Smart Grid Basics
Brief History of Electric Power Grid
Electric Power Grid Operational Characteristics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1250<\/td>\nTypical Building Load Profile
Utility Demand Response Strategies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1251<\/td>\nUtility Rate Options and Strategies
Modern Smart-Grid Strategy <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1252<\/td>\nRelevance to Building System Designers
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1257<\/td>\nBIBLIOGRAPHY <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1259<\/td>\nCHAPTER 64 – MOISTURE AND MOLD
Human Health
Energy Conservation
Sustainability
Costs
Avoiding Litigation Risk
1. Complex Causes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1260<\/td>\n2. Moisture Tolerance and Loads <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1261<\/td>\n3. Risk Factors and Mitigation
3.1 HVAC Systems
Risk Factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1262<\/td>\nRisk Mitigation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1263<\/td>\n3.2 Architectural Factors
Risk Factors
Risk Mitigation
3.3 Building Operational Decisions
Risk Factors
Risk Mitigation
3.4 Occupant Decisions
Risk Factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1264<\/td>\nRisk Mitigation
4. Solutions
4.1 Architecture and Design
Roof Overhang
Waterproof Drainage Plane <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1265<\/td>\nSill Pans and Flashing
Wrap-Around Air Barrier
Mold-Resistant Gypsum Board <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1266<\/td>\nPermeable Interior Wall Finish for Exterior Walls
4.2 HVAC Systems
Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems (DOAS)
Maximum 55\u00b0F Indoor Dew Point for Mechanically Cooled Buildings in Hot or Humid Climates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1267<\/td>\nDrying During Unoccupied Periods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1268<\/td>\nDesign for Dehumidification Based on Loads at Peak Outdoor Dew Point
Mastic-Sealed Duct Connections <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1269<\/td>\nPositive Building Pressure When Outdoor Dew Point Is Above 55\u00b0F
5. Health-Relevant Indoor Dampness <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1270<\/td>\n6. Measuring Building Dampness
6.1 Water Activity
6.2 Moisture Content
Importance of Documenting Measurement Location
Moisture Meter Distinctions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1272<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1274<\/td>\nCHAPTER 65 – OCCUPANT-CENTRIC SENSING AND CONTROLS
1. Collecting Real-Time Occupancy and Occupant Comfort Feedback
1.1 Indirect Occupant Feedback <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1275<\/td>\n1.2 Direct Occupant Feedback
1.3 Hybrid Occupant Feedback <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1276<\/td>\n1.4 State-of-the-Art Occupant Sensing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1277<\/td>\nPerformance Metrics for Occupancy Sensing Technologies
2. Integrating Occupant Feedback into HVAC Control Schemes
Traditional Control Methods for HVAC Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1279<\/td>\nOccupant-Driven Rule-Based HVAC Controls
2.1 Model Predictive Control (MPC) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1280<\/td>\nObjective Functions
Constraints
Optimization Method
Building and HVAC Model
Occupant-Driven MPC-Based HVAC Controls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1281<\/td>\nOccupancy Prediction
Comfort-Driven MPC-Based HVAC Controls
3. Modeling and Evaluating Occupant-Centric HVAC Control Systems
3.1 Whole-Building Performance Simulation Programs
HVAC Control Modeling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1282<\/td>\nOccupant Behavior Modeling
Tools <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1283<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1287<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1288<\/td>\nCHAPTER 66 – CODES AND STANDARDS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1317<\/td>\nINDEX <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ASHRAE Handbook — HVAC Applications<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ASHRAE<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2019<\/td>\n1356<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":194317,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2719],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-194314","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-ashrae","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/194314","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/194317"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=194314"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=194314"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=194314"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}