{"id":297106,"date":"2024-10-19T20:13:39","date_gmt":"2024-10-19T20:13:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/astm-e2790-2020-2\/"},"modified":"2024-10-25T17:32:58","modified_gmt":"2024-10-25T17:32:58","slug":"astm-e2790-2020-2","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/astm\/astm-e2790-2020-2\/","title":{"rendered":"ASTM-E2790 2020"},"content":{"rendered":"

ASTM E2790-20<\/h3>\n

Redline Standard: Standard Guide for Identifying and Complying With Continuing Obligations<\/h4>\n
\n

ASTM E2790<\/h4>\n

Scope<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

1.1<\/span> Purpose\u2014<\/span>The purpose of this guide is to provide information and guidance2<\/span><\/span> related to the process of identifying and fulfilling continuing obligations<\/span>3<\/span><\/span> at commercial real estate<\/span>, and forestland and rural property that is contaminated by hazardous substances<\/span> within the scope of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) (42 U.S.C. \u00a7 9601 et seq.<\/span>), petroleum products<\/span>, or other contaminants that require cleanup under federal or state law (collectively hereafter chemicals of concern<\/span>). Because of the importance of federal law, this guide largely focuses on continuing obligations<\/span> applicable to the innocent landowner<\/span> (ILO), the contiguous property owner<\/span> (CPO), and the bona fide prospective purchaser<\/span> (BFPP) protections from CERCLA liability (hereinafter, collectively referred to as the \u201cCERCLA Landowner Liability Protections<\/span>,\u201d or \u201cCERCLA LLPs<\/span>\u201d) (see Legal Appendix X1<\/span> to Appendix X3<\/span> for an outline of CERCLA’s liability and defense provisions). However, the continuing obligations<\/span> arising from CERCLA LLPs<\/span> are often very similar to the types of continuing obligations<\/span> that state laws set as conditions for state liability protections. And, therefore, the purpose of this guide seeks to help users who wish to perform continuing obligations<\/span> because of concerns over CERCLA liability and also extends to help users who wish to perform continuing obligations<\/span> because of concerns over state law liability. Similarly, where sound risk management rather than a desire for liability protection is the goal, the procedures recommended in this guide can also prove useful<\/p>\n

\n

1.1.1<\/span> Intended Scope of Standard Guide\u2014<\/span>As a standard guide, this document provides a compendium of information and options but does not recommend a specific course of action. As a guide, the purpose of this standard is to simply increase the awareness of possible techniques or procedures related to continuing obligations<\/span> and to offer guidance based on a consensus of viewpoints, but not to establish a standard practice to follow in all cases.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

1.1.2<\/span> Continuing Obligations Under CERCLA\u2014<\/span>Subsequent to property<\/span> acquisition, the Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act of 2002 (the \u201cBrownfields Amendments<\/span>\u201d), which amended CERCLA, requires persons (a broad term meant to cover individuals, companies, government agencies, and other entities) seeking to maintain CERCLA LLPs<\/span> to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, fulfillment of certain continuing obligations<\/span>. The continuing obligations<\/span> set forth in the Brownfields Amendments<\/span> include: (1<\/span>) complying with any land use restrictions<\/span> established or relied upon in connection with a response action<\/span> at a property<\/span>; (2<\/span>) not impeding the effectiveness or integrity of any institutional controls<\/span> employed at a property<\/span> in connection with a response action<\/span>; (3<\/span>) taking reasonable steps<\/span> with respect to releases of hazardous substances<\/span>, including stopping continuing releases<\/span>, preventing threatened future releases<\/span>, and preventing or limiting human, environmental or natural resource exposure<\/span> to prior releases<\/span> of hazardous substances<\/span>; (4<\/span>) providing full cooperation, assistance and access to persons who are authorized to conduct response actions<\/span> or natural resource<\/span> restoration at a property<\/span>; (5<\/span>) complying with information requests and administrative subpoenas; (6<\/span>) providing legally required notices with respect to releases of any hazardous substances<\/span> at a property<\/span>; and (7)<\/span> the CERLCA LLPs<\/span> for BFPPs<\/span> and ILOs<\/span> also require that all disposal of hazardous substances<\/span> at the property<\/span> occurred prior to property<\/span> acquisition.4<\/span><\/span> The BUILD Act<\/span> further amended CERCLA. Under the BUILD Act<\/span>, certain tenants qualify for CERCLA\u2019s bona fide prospective purchaser<\/span> protections if the property<\/span> owner qualifies as a bona fide prospective purchaser<\/span>, and certain tenants can qualify as bona fide prospective purchasers<\/span> only if, among other conditions, the tenants fulfill continuing obligations<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

1.1.3<\/span> Continuing Obligations at Non-CERCLA Properties\u2014<\/span>In many cases, liability protections under state law require the performance of the same or similar types of continuing obligations<\/span>. For example, many states have enacted laws that define bona fide prospective purchaser<\/span> to read similarly to the CERCLA definition, including BFPP<\/span> requirements to exercise appropriate care, to comply with land use restrictions<\/span> or to not impede the effectiveness or integrity of institutional controls<\/span>. Analogous to CERCLA, some of these state laws may provide state law liability protections for persons who meet the BFPP<\/span> definition.5<\/span><\/span> In addition, as described in Guide E2091<\/span>, several state voluntary cleanup programs<\/span> provide liability releases within \u201cNo Further Action\u201d (NFA) or \u201cCertificates of Completion\u201d documents only if the conditions provided in those documents are complied with.6<\/span><\/span> These conditions vary but often include requirements to exercise appropriate care with respect to environmental impacts or to comply with activity and use limitations<\/span>.7<\/span><\/span>AULs<\/span> are employed at many properties remediated under state or nonCERCLA federal programs where CERCLA liability may not be of concern but, nonetheless, the AUL<\/span> and reasonable step<\/span> procedures recommended by this guide may provide useful procedures for assuring AUL<\/span> compliance. For example, Michigan state law sets \u201cdue care\u201d requirements for purchasers of contaminated properties, mandating that they perform various post-purchase duties including, among others, complying with and not impeding the effectiveness and integrity of AULs<\/span>, and preventing exacerbation and mitigating unacceptable exposure of hazardous substances.8<\/span><\/span> Wisconsin also sets legal rules and administrative guidance covering certain continuing obligations for AULs<\/span>.9<\/span><\/span> Additional states similarly impose continuing obligations related to AULs<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

1.1.4<\/span> Certain Continuing Obligations Not Detailed in this Guide\u2014<\/span>The procedures recommended in this guide focus on continuing obligations<\/span> pertaining to land use restrictions<\/span>, institutional controls<\/span>, and taking reasonable steps<\/span>. As noted immediately above, CERCLA and similar state laws or administrative programs require other continuing obligations<\/span> such as those related to legally required notices, allowing access, and cooperating with government regulators. These \u201cother\u201d continuing obligations<\/span> are not further discussed in this guide. The lack of detailed treatment of these other continuing obligations<\/span>, however, does not intend to suggest that they are less important or less relevant to maintaining CERCLA LLPs<\/span> or similar state liability protections. The user<\/span> seeking additional information will find background on these other continuing obligations<\/span> in Appendix X1<\/span> the Legal Appendix to this guide.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

1.1.5<\/span> Inclusion of Petroleum Products\u2014<\/span>Petroleum products<\/span> are included within the scope of this guide because they are often of concern at commercial real estate<\/span>. Although petroleum products<\/span> enjoy a limited exclusion from CERCLA liability, current custom and usage generally includes an evaluation of whether petroleum products<\/span> may be present on commercial real estate<\/span> during pre-acquisition environmental site assessments<\/span>. Further, state laws and programs requiring continuing obligations<\/span> often cover petroleum products<\/span>. Thus, this guide likewise includes petroleum products<\/span> within its scope. The actions discussed in this guide could be useful or prudent if applied at commercial real estate<\/span> affected by a release of petroleum products<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

1.1.6<\/span> Discussion of the Related Terms: Activity and Use Limitations, Institutional Controls, Engineering Controls, and Land Use Restrictions\u2014<\/span>The term Activity and Use Limitation (AUL)<\/span> is taken from and meant to match the meaning of that term provided in Guide E2091<\/span>, to include both legal controls (that is, institutional controls<\/span>) and physical controls (that is, engineering controls<\/span>) within its scope. Agencies, organizations, and jurisdictions, however, may define or utilize these terms differently. For example, the term \u201cland use controls\u201d is used by the Department of Defense and the term land use restrictions<\/span> is used but not defined in the Brownfields Amendments<\/span>. CERCLA, as amended by the Brownfields Amendments<\/span>, expressly prescribes continuing obligations<\/span> only for institutional controls (ICs)<\/span> and land use restrictions (LURs)<\/span>, each of which represents a subset of the term AUL<\/span>. In addition to land use restrictions<\/span> and institutional controls<\/span>, additional types of AULs<\/span>, particularly engineering controls<\/span>, may exist at a property<\/span>. While broadly a type of AUL<\/span>, engineering controls<\/span> could also be required by or be associated with ICs<\/span> or LURs<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

1.1.7<\/span> Properties Covered\u2014<\/span>In addition to property<\/span> with AULs<\/span>, the procedures suggested by this guide are primarily intended to cover property<\/span> where chemicals of concern<\/span> are known to have been (1)<\/span> released on the property<\/span> prior<\/span> to acquisition by the current property owner<\/span> (2)<\/span> are present at the property<\/span> after acquisition by the current property owner<\/span>, due to the migration from neighboring property<\/span>, or (3)<\/span> are discovered after property<\/span> transfer where the Phase I<\/span> (or other methods of performing AAI<\/span>), though properly performed, provided no reason to know of the presence of chemicals of concern<\/span>. This guide focuses on these release<\/span> situations because such situations tend to give rise to circumstances in which one or more of the CERCLA LLPs<\/span>, state liability protections or similar risk management concerns drive the need for continuing obligations<\/span> at a property.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

1.1.8<\/span> Presumption of All Appropriate Inquiries and Desire to Qualify for LLPs\u2014<\/span>This guide is primarily intended for users<\/span> who seek to qualify for any CERCLA LLPs<\/span> or similar state-law LLPs<\/span>. Therefore, this guide presumes that its users<\/span> have performed or will perform a currently valid Phase I<\/span> or otherwise satisfy \u201call appropriate inquiries<\/span>\u201d prior to acquisition of the property<\/span>. This presumption affects the organization and structure of this guide because it assumes certain Phase I<\/span> activities would have been successfully performed and, in turn, relied on and built upon during the stepwise process suggested in this guide. Users<\/span> who may not need or desire protections under CERCLA or state LLP<\/span>, but nonetheless seek guidance on performing continuing obligations<\/span> can nonetheless benefit from this guide and, in particular, the procedures described in Step 3 and Step 4 of this guide\u2019s stepwise process.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

1.1.9<\/span> Timing\u2014<\/span>Subject to the other scope considerations described in this section, the procedures in this guide are intended to be applicable when a user<\/span> knows or has reason to know, after the user\u2019s<\/span> purchase of the property, that chemicals of concern<\/span> either (1)<\/span> have been released at the property<\/span> or (2)<\/span> may be released in the future. Therefore, for users<\/span> who purchase property<\/span> where Recognized Environmental Conditions (RECs)<\/span> have been identified, this guide is meant to apply upon property<\/span> purchase. Users<\/span> who have gained knowledge or reason to know of property releases<\/span> of chemicals of concern<\/span> prior to the publication of this guide (for example, where a user<\/span> purchased contaminated property<\/span> years before this guide was published) may still use this guide. Such users<\/span> may need to reconsider and update the findings and conclusions in any existing Phase I<\/span> (or alternative all appropriate inquiries<\/span> efforts) in order to fully utilize this guide. See 5.2.2<\/span> (addressing presumption of currently valid Phase I\/AAI<\/span>).<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

1.1.10<\/span> Determination of No Continuing Obligations Related to Activity and Use Limitations and Reasonable Steps\u2014<\/span>Section 5<\/span> of this guide recommends a procedure for considering whether continuing obligations<\/span> covered by this guide are required or applicable to the property<\/span>. Refer to 1.1.3<\/span> for a summary of continuing obligations<\/span> that are not addressed in detail by this guide. As addressed in more detail in Section 5<\/span>, a determination that no continuing obligations<\/span> are required can be made where neither RECs<\/span>, institutional controls<\/span>, nor land use restrictions<\/span> exist, and users<\/span> otherwise have no knowledge to indicate the presence of chemicals of concern<\/span> at the property<\/span>. Even where a Phase I<\/span> (or all appropriate inquiries<\/span>) found RECs<\/span>, further evaluation (see Section 6<\/span>) can justify a conclusion that no chemicals of concern<\/span> were released and, in turn, this conclusion can justify a determination of no continuing obligations<\/span>. See 5.4<\/span>, however, discussing the case where future circumstances could arise that would cause users<\/span> to reevaluate determinations that no continuing obligations<\/span> are required.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

1.1.11<\/span> Requirements Other Than Continuing Obligations\u2014<\/span>CERCLA and similar state laws provide various liability defenses. This guide does not provide guidance on requirements other than continuing obligations<\/span> that may be necessary to retain eligibility for CERCLA LLPs<\/span> or other CERCLA or state law defenses. See Legal Appendix X1.2<\/span> and X1.3<\/span> for discussion of CERCLA LLPs<\/span> and other CERCLA defenses.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

1.1.12<\/span> Other Federal, State, and Local Environmental Laws\u2014<\/span>Users<\/span> are cautioned that federal, state, and local laws may impose environmental assessment, remedial action<\/span>, or other obligations related to hazardous substances<\/span> or petroleum products<\/span> that are beyond the scope of this guide.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

1.1.13<\/span> Guide Does Not Provide Legal Advice\u2014<\/span>As noted above, this guide primarily intends to provide information and guidance to users<\/span> who wish to perform continuing obligations<\/span> for the purpose of maintaining CERCLA<\/span> LLPs<\/span> or similar liability protections under state law. To serve this purpose, this guide focuses on technical, scientific, and procedural issues involved with identifying and performing appropriate continuing obligations<\/span> under site-specific circumstances. In order to explain the context for the various continuing obligations<\/span> recommended in this guide, however, the guide sometimes makes reference to the law, such as statutory provisions of CERCLA. These discussions are meant for informational purposes only and are not intended and should not be construed as legal opinions or conclusions of law; nor should any statement in this guide be relied upon as legal advice concerning CERCLA or any legal matter. The CERCLA LLPs<\/span> involve complicated legal matters with potentially severe consequences. This guide is not intended to and does not replace legal advice, and should not be relied on for any legal question. No implication is intended that a person must use this guide in order to establish or maintain LLPs<\/span>. Conversely, no implication is intended to assure a person using this guide of success against CERCLA liability when using this guide. The user<\/span> is encouraged to seek legal advice when seeking to establish and maintain CERCLA liability defenses. In a number of sections throughout the guide, the guide notes instances where legal issues are particularly relevant and often reinforces the guide\u2019s overall recommendation to seek the advice of legal counsel concerning LLPs<\/span>. Where particular sections do not suggest the need for legal advice, no implication is intended that legal advice is not recommended or warranted.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

1.1.14<\/span> Documentation\u2014<\/span>CERCLA requires that a user<\/span> seeking to retain eligibility for CERCLA LLPs<\/span> must demonstrate compliance with continuing obligations<\/span> by a preponderance of evidence. While the legal standards may vary, state LLPs<\/span> may also require LLP<\/span> seekers to provide evidence as to continuing obligations<\/span>. Under CERCLA there is no apparent requirement for written documentation to demonstrate compliance with continuing obligations<\/span>, but written documentation could be useful and, perhaps even essential, in cases where a user<\/span> desires to demonstrate the performance of continuing obligations<\/span>. The guide provides guidance in Section 9<\/span> on the preparation of continuing obligation plans<\/span> and suggests procedures for documenting continuing obligation<\/span> efforts. Users<\/span> are encouraged to consult with legal counsel on steps to be taken to document compliance with continuing obligations<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

1.2<\/span> Objectives\u2014<\/span>This guide establishes the following objectives: (1<\/span>) provide information and guidance related to procedures to identify and comply with continuing obligations<\/span> on commercial real estate<\/span> or on forest or rural land; and (2<\/span>) formulate and clarify suggested industry methods and procedures for identifying and satisfying continuing obligations<\/span> that are practical, efficient and reasonable.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

1.3<\/span> Organization of this Guide\u2014<\/span>This guide has nine sections and eight appendices. Fig. 1<\/span> provides a representation of this guide as a flowchart, and represents decision points for the user<\/span> as the guidance is applied:<\/p>\n

\n
\n

FIG. 1<\/span> Flowchart of Guide to Continuing Obligations<\/b><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

Note 1:<\/span> Continuing obligations may be triggered based in the future as discussed in 5.4.1<\/span>. Other obligations may exist as discussed in 5.4.2<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

Section 1<\/span> is the Scope.<\/p>\n

Section 2<\/span> lists Referenced Documents.<\/p>\n

Section 3<\/span>, Terminology, contains definitions of terms used in this guide, definitions of terms unique to this guide and acronyms.<\/p>\n

Section 4<\/span> discusses the Significance and Use of this guide.<\/p>\n

Section 5<\/span> discusses Step 1, a screening process relying on the Phase I<\/span> to help determine whether continuing obligations<\/span> apply to the property<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Section 6<\/span> discusses Step 2, a process for evaluating the environmental conditions and AULs<\/span> that may affect the property<\/span> in advance of planning for continuing obligations<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Section 7<\/span> discusses Step 3, providing guidance for a process to select continuing obligations<\/span> to be performed under site-specific circumstances.<\/p>\n

Section 8<\/span> discusses Step 4, providing guidance for a process to select and schedule monitoring requirements for continuing obligations<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Section 9<\/span> offers guidance on documentation for (1<\/span>) statements of no continuing obligations<\/span> on a property<\/span> , (2<\/span>) a continuing obligations plan<\/span>, and (3<\/span>) reporting the periodic monitoring of continuing obligation<\/span>.<\/p>\n

The Appendices provide additional information:<\/p>\n

Appendix X1<\/span> (the Legal Appendix) describes liability and defenses to liability under CERCLA, as amended by the Brownfields Amendments<\/span>, while also providing important discussion on continuing obligations<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Appendix X2<\/span> provides a recommended table of contents and report format for a statement of no continuing obligations<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Appendix X3<\/span> provides a representative form for a statement of no continuing obligations<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Appendix X4<\/span> provides a recommended table of contents and report format for a continuing obligations plan<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Appendix X5<\/span> provides a recommended table of contents and report format for a continuing obligations monitoring and evaluation report<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Appendix X6<\/span> provides a representative form for continuing obligations<\/span> field investigation, for a simple site.<\/p>\n

Appendix X7<\/span> provides a representative form for continuing obligations<\/span> field investigation, for a more complex site.<\/p>\n

Appendix X8<\/span> develops five scenarios to assist in the application of this guide.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

1.4<\/span> This guide offers guidance on performing one or more specific tasks and should be supplemented by education, experience and professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide does not necessarily represent the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a property\u2019s unique aspects. The word \u201cstandard\u201d in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

1.5<\/span> This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

1.6<\/span> This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

Keywords<\/strong><\/p>\n

activity and use limitations; all appropriate inquiries; CERCLA; commercial real estate; continuing obligations; hazardous substances; landowner liability protections; property;<\/p>\n

ICS Code<\/strong><\/p>\n

ICS Number Code 13.020.40 (Pollution, pollution control and conservation)<\/p>\n

DOI:<\/strong> 10.1520\/E2790-20<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

E2790-20 Standard Guide for Identifying and Complying With Continuing Obligations (Redline)<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ASTM<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2020<\/td>\n75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":297115,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[187,2637],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-297106","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-13-020-40","7":"product_cat-astm","9":"first","10":"instock","11":"sold-individually","12":"shipping-taxable","13":"purchasable","14":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/297106","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/297115"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=297106"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=297106"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=297106"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}