None<\/p>\n
| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 44<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 1.0: Roads Hurricane and Flood Impacts Mitigation Fact Sheets Fact Sheet 1.0: Roads Hurricane and Flood Impacts Mitigation Fact Sheets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 45<\/td>\n | Figure 1.0.1. Road System Components. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 46<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solutions Mitigation Solutions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 47<\/td>\n | Icons Icons Table 1.0.1. Icons Used to Represent Considerations about Hazard Mitigation Strategies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 49<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 1.1: Road and Highway Surfaces Fact Sheet 1.1: Road and Highway Surfaces Table 1.1.1. Common Mitigation Solutions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 50<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Stabilize Roadway Mitigation Solution: Stabilize Roadway <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 51<\/td>\n | Figure 1.1.1. Reshaping the roadway can improve drainage and decrease flood impacts. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 52<\/td>\n | Figure 1.1.2. Geosynthetics can be used to improve drainage and subgrade strength. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 53<\/td>\n | Figure 1.1.3. Geotextiles that do not drain well can be hydraulically connected to a drain. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 54<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Reduce Flood Hazard on Roadway Mitigation Solution: Reduce Flood Hazard on Roadway Figure 1.1.4. Increasing the roadway elevation above the base flood elevation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 55<\/td>\n | Figure 1.1.5. Relocating the roadway away from the flood source can help protect the road from flooding. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 56<\/td>\n | Figure 1.1.6. Permeable pavement includes pavers, permeable concrete, and permeable asphalt (USGS, 2018). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 57<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Reduce Frost Heave Mitigation Solution: Reduce Frost Heave Figure 1.1.7. \u201cRock caps\u201d can improve both drainage and structural stability of roads susceptible to frost heaves (Yu and Beck, 2009). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 58<\/td>\n | Figure 1.1.8. A capillary barrier can help prevent surfaces from frost heaving (Roberson et al., 2006). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 59<\/td>\n | Figure 1.1.9. Improve subgrade soils by injecting a polymer into the soil to fill voids (Source: Fakhar and Asmaniza, 2016). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 62<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 1.2: Road Shoulders and Embankments Fact Sheet 1.2: Road Shoulders and Embankments <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 63<\/td>\n | Table 1.2.1. Common Mitigation Solutions for Road Shoulders and Embankments <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 64<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Protect Shoulders Mitigation Solution: Protect Shoulders <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 65<\/td>\n | Figure 1.2.1. Geosynthetics can be used to stabilize roadways. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 66<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Protect Embankment Slopes Mitigation Solution: Protect Embankment Slopes Figure 1.2.2. Riprap can help reduce erosion of roadway slopes adjacent to streams. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 67<\/td>\n | Figure 1.2.3. Bioengineered slopes can protect against erosion. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 68<\/td>\n | Figure 1.2.4. Spillways can concentrate flows at selected locations to help control erosion. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 69<\/td>\n | Figure 1.2.5. A wall constructed of gabion baskets protects the toe of the slope. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 70<\/td>\n | Figure 1.2.6. Changing slope geometry to a more gradual slope can reduce erosion. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 72<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 1.3: Drainage and Culverts Fact Sheet 1.3: Drainage and Culverts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 73<\/td>\n | Table 1.3.1. Road Culvert and Drainage Mitigation Solutions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 74<\/td>\n | Figure 1.3.1. Components of a culvert. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 75<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Increase Design Capacity Mitigation Solution: Increase Design Capacity Figure 1.3.2. Alternative stream crossing designs. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 76<\/td>\n | Figure 1.3.3. Increasing ditch capacity can help protect against overland flooding. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 77<\/td>\n | Figure 1.3.4. An arch culvert or a box culvert can provide increased flow capacity. Figure 1.3.5. Replacing a culvert with a bridge can protect the stream bed and the road. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 78<\/td>\n | Figure 1.3.6. Installing multiple culverts can increase flow capacity. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 79<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Reduce Embankment Erosion Mitigation Solution: Reduce Embankment Erosion Figure 1.3.7. Shaping the culvert entrance can reduce erosion at the intake. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 80<\/td>\n | Figure 1.3.8. A cutoff wall can reduce undermining. Figure 1.3.9. Wingwalls, headwalls and endwalls can protect embankment slopes. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 81<\/td>\n | Figure 1.3.10. Ditch lining can reduce erosion and improve flow capacity. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 82<\/td>\n | Figure 1.3.11. Check dams help slow water and decrease scouring. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 83<\/td>\n | Figure 1.3.12. Energy dissipaters can be installed at culvert discharges to decrease erosion and scour. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 84<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Improve Alignment Mitigation Solution: Improve Alignment Figure 1.3.13. Realigning the culvert to the stream centerline can reduce damage to the culvert. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 85<\/td>\n | Figure 1.3.14. Approach berms can direct flow away from embankments. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 86<\/td>\n | Figure 1.3.15. Flow diverters can realign the stream channel. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 87<\/td>\n | Figure 1.3.16. Installing additional culverts can reduce velocity and clogging. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 88<\/td>\n | Figure 1.3.17. Realigning the stream can protect embankments. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 89<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Reduce Obstructions Mitigation Solution: Reduce Obstructions Figure 1.3.18. A debris barrier can protect a culvert from damage. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 90<\/td>\n | Figure 1.3.19. A sediment basin can help settle suspended sediment and decrease culvert clogging potential. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 91<\/td>\n | Figure 1.3.20. Install a relief culvert as a second route for floodwaters if the main culvert gets clogged. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 92<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Relocate or Replace with Water Crossing Mitigation Solution: Relocate or Replace with Water Crossing Figure 1.3.21. A low-water crossing in place of a culvert will accommodate flows during emergency events. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 93<\/td>\n | Figure 1.3.22. Installing an overflow section in the roadway can accommodate stream overflows. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 96<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 1.4: Bridges Fact Sheet 1.4: Bridges Figure 1.4.1. Basic bridge structure. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 97<\/td>\n | Table 1.4.1. Common Mitigation Solutions for Various Types of Bridge Damage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 98<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Improve Flow Under the Bridge Crossing Mitigation Solution: Improve Flow Under the Bridge Crossing Figure 1.4.2. Reducing the number of spans can increase the flow amount under the bridge. In this figure, the dashed piers would be removed to accomplish this. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 99<\/td>\n | Figure 1.4.3. Increasing the size of a bridge opening by raising the bridge deck can increase flow volume under the bridge. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 100<\/td>\n | Figure 1.4.4. Lengthening a bridge can provide additional overflow capacity beneath the bridge. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 101<\/td>\n | Figure 1.4.5. Building a relief opening can help prevent flooding of bridges. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 102<\/td>\n | Figure 1.4.6. Low water crossings can be cost effective in areas with low traffic where flooding is seasonal. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 103<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Construct Erosion and Scour Countermeasures Mitigation Solution: Construct Erosion and Scour Countermeasures Figure 1.4.7. Riprap can protect bridge piers and abutments against erosion and scour. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 104<\/td>\n | Figure 1.4.8. Wingwalls can help direct the flow of water and prevent erosion and scour at the bridge. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 105<\/td>\n | Figure 1.4.9. Spur dikes can direct flood flows, reducing erosion and scour around bridges. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 106<\/td>\n | Figure 1.4.10. Realigning piers and abutments can decrease the damage from erosion and scour. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 107<\/td>\n | Figure 1.4.11. Increasing footing depth can protect bridge foundations against scour. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 108<\/td>\n | Figure 1.4.12. Installing flow deflectors immediately upstream of bridge piers can help protect them against scour. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 109<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Reduce Debris Damage Mitigation Solution: Reduce Debris Damage Figure 1.4.13. Debris deflectors can protect bridge piers and abutments from impact damages and debris accumulation. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 110<\/td>\n | Figure 1.4.14. Endnoses installed on the upstream end of piers (shown by red arrows) can protect piers from debris impacts. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 111<\/td>\n | Figure 1.4.15. Steel plate batters protect piers from the impact of floating debris. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 112<\/td>\n | Figure 1.4.16. Replace a multiple timber pier structure with a concrete column to protect against debris impact. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 113<\/td>\n | Figure 1.4.17. Replacing a solid deck with an open deck can reduce trapped debris. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 114<\/td>\n | Figure 1.4.18. Debris catchments trap debris before it reaches bridge piers and abutments. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 115<\/td>\n | Figure 1.4.19. A debris sweeper can be attached directly to a pier to deflect debris (FHWA, 2005). Figure 1.4.20. Pile-mounted debris sweepers can effectively direct debris away from bridge piers (FHWA, 2005). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 116<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Relocate the Bridge Mitigation Solution: Relocate the Bridge <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 118<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 1.5: Roadway Lights, Poles, and Signage Fact Sheet 1.5: Roadway Lights, Poles, and Signage Table 1.5.1. Common Mitigation Strategies for Various Types of Damage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 119<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Traffic Signal Controllers Mitigation Solution: Traffic Signal Controllers Figure 1.5.1. Elevating signal controller cabinets protects them against flooding. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 121<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Traffic Signal Support Structures and Luminaires Mitigation Solution: Traffic Signal Support Structures and Luminaires Figure 1.5.2. Mast arm poles protect traffic signals against wind damage. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 123<\/td>\n | Figure 1.5.3. Vibration dampers can protect poles and signals against wind vibration damage. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 124<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Roadway Sign Support Structures Mitigation Solution: Roadway Sign Support Structures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 125<\/td>\n | Figure 1.5.4. Increase sign connectors and pole embedment depth. Left image is before mitigation occurs. Right image is after mitigation occurs. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 126<\/td>\n | Figure 1.5.5. Helical anchors can be used as foundation support for street signs and light poles. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 128<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 2.0: Water Control Facilities Hurricane and Flood Mitigation Mitigation Fact Sheets Fact Sheet 2.0: Water Control Facilities Hurricane and Flood Mitigation Mitigation Fact Sheets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 129<\/td>\n | Figure 2.0.1. Channels, aqueducts and canals collect, carry, and distribute water. Figure 2.0.2. Basins are in-ground structures used to hold water. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 130<\/td>\n | Mitigation Strategies Mitigation Strategies Figure 2.0.3. Dams are used to retain and control the flow of water. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 131<\/td>\n | Icons Icons Table 2.0.1. Icons Used to Represent Considerations about Hazard Mitigation Strategies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 136<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 2.1: Channels, Aqueducts, and Canals Fact Sheet 2.1: Channels, Aqueducts, and Canals Table 2.1.1. Channel, Aqueduct and Canal Mitigation Solution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 138<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Armor Channels and Canals Mitigation Solution: Armor Channels and Canals Figure 2.1.1. Concrete lining of a channel. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 139<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Stabilize Channels and Canals Mitigation Solution: Stabilize Channels and Canals Figure 2.1.2. Typical ACB cross-section. Figure 2.1.3. Typical cross-section of slope protection. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 140<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Lessen the Energy of Flood Flow Mitigation Solution: Lessen the Energy of Flood Flow Figure 2.1.4. Energy dissipators such as stone drop structures can help slow themovement of water to decrease erosion and scour. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 141<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Prevent Pipe and Tunnel Issues Mitigation Solution: Prevent Pipe and Tunnel Issues <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 144<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 2.2: Basins Stormwater Basins Fact Sheet 2.2: Basins Stormwater Basins Table 2.2.1. Basin Mitigation Solutions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 145<\/td>\n | Bioretention Areas Bioretention Areas Figure 2.2.1. Typical stormwater basin cut. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 146<\/td>\n | Dry Swales Dry Swales Figure 2.2.2. Typical bioretention facility. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 147<\/td>\n | Wet Ponds Wet Ponds Figure 2.2.3. Typical dry swale with check dams. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 148<\/td>\n | Figure 2.2.4. Wet pond plan view. Figure 2.2.5. Wet pond section view. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 149<\/td>\n | Extended Detention Ponds Extended Detention Ponds Figure 2.2.6. Extended Detention Pond. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 150<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solutions Mitigation Solutions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 154<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 2.3: Mitigation of Dams and Reservoirs Dam Hazard Potential Classifications Fact Sheet 2.3: Mitigation of Dams and Reservoirs Dam Hazard Potential Classifications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 155<\/td>\n | Figure 2.3.1. This dam is considered low hazard potential because, if it failed, it would only impact the forest around it. Figure 2.3.2. This dam is considered high hazard potential because its failure would impact the community directly downstream and could result in loss of life and property. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 156<\/td>\n | Table 2.3.1. Common Mitigation Solutions for Dams and Reservoirs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 158<\/td>\n | Importance of Emergency Planning for Dams Importance of Emergency Planning for Dams <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 160<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Improve Stability Mitigation Solution: Improve Stability Figure 2.3.3. Example of failed downstream slope. Figure 2.3.4. Use of compacted fill to reduce the downstream slope angle. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 162<\/td>\n | Figure 2.3.5. Buttressing can give additional stability to embankment dams. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 163<\/td>\n | Figure 2.3.6. Anchoring can give resistance to overturning and sliding. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 164<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Increase Spillway Capacity Mitigation Solution: Increase Spillway Capacity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 165<\/td>\n | Figure 2.3.7. To increase spillway capacity, widen an existing spillway or build a second spillway. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 166<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Increase Temporary Storage Capacity Mitigation Solution: Increase Temporary Storage Capacity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 167<\/td>\n | Figure 2.3.8. Raising the height of a dam can increase temporary flood storage capacity. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 169<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Control Surface Erosion Mitigation Solution: Control Surface Erosion Figure 2.3.9. Wave action can erode the upstream slope of a dam. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 170<\/td>\n | Figure 2.3.10. Initial embankment overtopping can lead to a complete overflow. Figure 2.3.11. Headcut erosion could lead to an accidental release from the impoundment. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 171<\/td>\n | Figure 2.3.12. Riprap layouts can be designed to protect against wave action.(Source: NRCS, 1983) Figure 2.3.13. Riprap blankets can protect against wave action. (Source: USFWS, 2008) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 172<\/td>\n | Figure 2.3.14. ACBs (left) and RCC (right) can protect spillways from overtopping erosion. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 173<\/td>\n | Figure 2.3.15. A parapet wall can give additional freeboard to protect against wave overtopping. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 174<\/td>\n | Figure 2.3.16. Cutoff walls can improve the stability of some unarmored auxiliary spillways. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 175<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Reduce Seepage and Internal Erosion Mitigation Solution: Reduce Seepage and Internal Erosion Figure 2.3.17. Blanket drains increase seepage flow paths and reduce the risk of seepage-related piping. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 176<\/td>\n | Figure 2.3.18. Filter diaphragms can prevent seepage around conduits. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 177<\/td>\n | Figure 2.3.19. Reverse filters can be used to address sinkholes. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 178<\/td>\n | Figure 2.3.20. Seepage cutoff walls can be achieved through deep soil mixing. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 179<\/td>\n | Figure 2.3.21. Plan view of a secant pile wall. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 180<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Address Foundation Issues Mitigation Solution: Address Foundation Issues Figure 2.3.22. Plan and profile of a grout curtain design. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 181<\/td>\n | Figure 2.3.23. Foundation cutoff walls can help control seepage through a dam foundation. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 185<\/td>\n | 3.X: Fact Sheet Series Number [X.X.X] Fact Sheet 3.0: Buildings, Systems and Equipment Hurricane and Flood Impacts Mitigation Fact Sheets Fact Sheet 3.0: Buildings, Systems and Equipment Hurricane and Flood Impacts Mitigation Fact Sheets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 186<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solutions Mitigation Solutions Figure 3.0.1. Small public building elements (before mitigation). Figure 3.0.2. Large public building elements (before mitigation). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 189<\/td>\n | Figure 3.0.3. Large public building elements with primary electrical system components mitigated. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 190<\/td>\n | Figure 3.0.4. Flood risk for large public building reduced by relocating primary HVAC components from a subgrade basement level to a higher floor. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 191<\/td>\n | Icons Icons Table 3.0.1. Icons Used to Represent Considerations about Hazard Mitigation Strategies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 194<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 3.1: Foundations Fact Sheet 3.1: Foundations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 195<\/td>\n | Figure 3.1.1. Foundation characteristics. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 196<\/td>\n | Table 3.1.1. Common Mitigation Solutions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 197<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution\ufffd: Relocate Mitigation Solution\ufffd: Relocate Figure 3.1.2. Relocation of a small flood-prone public building. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 199<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution\ufffd: Elevate Mitigation Solution\ufffd: Elevate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 200<\/td>\n | Figure 3.1.3. Elevation of small public building on piles in coastal flood zone. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 201<\/td>\n | Figure 3.1.4. Abandoning the lowest floor can elevate usable space above the BFE. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 202<\/td>\n | Figure 3.1.5. Constructing a raised floor or filling in a basement can elevate occupied space above the BFE. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 203<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution\ufffd: Floodproof Mitigation Solution\ufffd: Floodproof Figure 3.1.6. Wet floodproofing opening retrofit diagram for a small public building. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 204<\/td>\n | Figure 3.1.7. Dry floodproofing sealants diagram for a portion of a building. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 205<\/td>\n | Figure 3.1.8. Dry floodproofing sealants and secondary drainage diagram. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 207<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution\ufffd: Retrofit the Structure Mitigation Solution\ufffd: Retrofit the Structure Figure 3.1.9. Grouted micropile (left) and helical pile (right) can strengthen existing building foundations. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 208<\/td>\n | Figure 3.1.10. Improve connections\u2014select approaches to address minor wood pile-to-beam misalignments. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 212<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 3.2: Wall Systems and Openings Fact Sheet 3.2: Wall Systems and Openings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 213<\/td>\n | Table 3.2.1. Wall Systems and Openings Mitigation Solutions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 214<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution\ufffd: For Wall Systems Mitigation Solution\ufffd: For Wall Systems Figure 3.2.1. Connectors help create an adequate building load path. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 216<\/td>\n | Figure 3.2.2. Features of typical high-wind siding and standard siding. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 217<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Door Openings Mitigation Solution: For Door Openings Figure 3.2.3. Examples of weather stripping (far left and center left) and drip protection (center right and far right) to prevent wind-driven rain entry at doors. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 218<\/td>\n | Figure 3.2.4. Examples of hinged (left) and lift out (right) flood shields with gaskets at entry doors. Some flood shields are automatic while others must be placed manually. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 220<\/td>\n | Figure 3.2.5. Recommended details for upgrading garage doors. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 222<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solutions: For Window Openings Mitigation Solutions: For Window Openings Figure 3.2.6. Use screw anchors to fasten window frames directly to concrete. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 223<\/td>\n | Figure 3.2.7. Connection of wall sheathing to window header (left) and window header to exterior wall (right) as part of a wall framing system. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 224<\/td>\n | Figure 3.2.8. Examples of storm shutter styles. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 227<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 3.3.1: Roof Systems\u2014Sloped Roofs Fact Sheet 3.3.1: Roof Systems\u2014Sloped Roofs Figure 3.3.1.1. Basic elements of typical sloped roofs featuring gable-end roof system (top) and hip roof system (bottom). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 229<\/td>\n | Table 3.3.1.1. Mitigation Solutions for Sloped-Roof Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 230<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Strengthen or Improve Mitigation Solution: Strengthen or Improve <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 231<\/td>\n | Figure 3.3.1.2. Conceptual gable end retrofit without overhangs. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 232<\/td>\n | Figure 3.3.1.3. Conceptual gable end retrofit with overhangs. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 233<\/td>\n | Figure 3.3.1.4. Examples of proper roof connectors and fasteners for a wood-framed truss. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 235<\/td>\n | Figure 3.3.1.5. Examples of proper sheathing panel layouts for gable-end roof (top) and hip roofs (bottom) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 236<\/td>\n | Figure 3.3.1.6. Strong underlayment installation details applied to asphalt shingle roof sheathing in high-wind regions. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 237<\/td>\n | Figure 3.3.1.7. Proper and improper locations of shingle fasteners. Figure 3.3.1.8. The Dos and Don\u2019ts of driving roof nails through asphalt shingles. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 239<\/td>\n | Figure 3.3.1.9. Improving soffits can decrease wind damage to sloped roofs. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 240<\/td>\n | Figure 3.3.1.10. Sheet metal straps (circled) attached to an existing gutter to increase wind uplift resistance. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 242<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Add or Increase Mitigation Solution: Add or Increase <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 243<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Secure or Eliminate Mitigation Solution: Secure or Eliminate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 245<\/td>\n | Figure 3.3.1.11. Protecting gable end vents using shutters (left) and sealing gable rake vents using metal plugs as indicated by red arrows (right). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 247<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 3.3.2: Roof Systems\u2014Low\u2011Slope Roofs Fact Sheet 3.3.2: Roof Systems\u2014Low\u2011Slope Roofs Figure 3.3.2.1. Basic components of typical low-slope roofs featuring overhangs (left) and parapet walls (right). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 249<\/td>\n | Table 3.3.2.1. Mitigation Solutions for Low Slope Roof Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 250<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Secure or Eliminate Mitigation Solution: Secure or Eliminate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 252<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Add or Increase Mitigation Solution: Add or Increase Figure 3.3.2.2. Condenser bolted down to concrete curb (blue arrows) with tie-down cables (red arrows), but the lightning protection system is no longer secured by its connector (green arrow). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 254<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Strengthen or Improve Mitigation Solution: Strengthen or Improve <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 256<\/td>\n | Figure 3.3.2.3. Both vertical faces of coping were attached with exposed fasteners (\u00bc-inch diameter stainless steel fasteners spaced 12\u201d on center) instead of concealed cleatsfollowing Typhoon Paka (1997) in Guam to prevent the flashing from tearing in <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 257<\/td>\n | Figure 3.3.2.4. Sheet metal straps (circled) attached to an existing gutter to increase wind uplift resistance. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 258<\/td>\n | Figure 3.3.2.5. Rooftop periodic gas line supports using a steel angle welded to a pipe that was anchored to the roof deck for lateral and uplift resistance (left). Use of intermittent membrane flashing to secure a lightning protection system conductor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 260<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Upgrade Mitigation Solution: Upgrade <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 262<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 3.4.1: Building Utility Systems\u2014Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Fact Sheet 3.4.1: Building Utility Systems\u2014Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 263<\/td>\n | Key Terms and Definitions Key Terms and Definitions Figure 3.4.1.1. Basic components of a large public building fluid-based HVAC system. Note HVAC components on upper floors are not shown in this simplified graphic. Figure 3.4.1.2. Basic components of a small public building supplied by two forced-air HVAC systems. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 264<\/td>\n | Table 3.4.1.1. Common HVAC System Mitigation Solutions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 265<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Elevate or Relocate Mitigation Solution: Elevate or Relocate Figure 3.4.1.3. Elevation of indoor and outdoor HVAC components on platforms above flood protection level for small public building. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 266<\/td>\n | Figure 3.4.1.4. Elevation of indoor HVAC components from basement to first floor above flood protection level for large public building, with outdoor HVAC components relocated to the rooftop. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 267<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Dry Floodproof Mitigation Solution: Dry Floodproof Figure 3.4.1.5. Dry floodproofing with a watertight wall and access gate can be used to protect HVAC and plumbing equipment (left); alternate dry floodproofing protective enclosures for protecting equipment (right). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 269<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Wet Floodproof Mitigation Solution: Wet Floodproof <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 271<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 3.4.2: Building Utility Systems\u2014Electrical Fact Sheet 3.4.2: Building Utility Systems\u2014Electrical <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 272<\/td>\n | Figure 3.4.2.1. Typical small public building electrical system components with an onsite standby or emergency generator. Figure 3.4.2.2. Simplified diagram showing primary components of a large public building electrical system with standby generator (before mitigation). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 273<\/td>\n | Table 3.4.2.1. Common Electrical System Mitigation Solutions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 274<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Elevate or Relocate Mitigation Solution: Elevate or Relocate Figure 3.4.2.3. Simplified diagram showing elevation of main and standby power components on elevated platforms above flood protection level for large public building. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 275<\/td>\n | Figure 3.4.2.4. Combination meter socket and circuit breaker service disconnect (circled in red) used to allow the main panel to be elevated and protected from flooding when the meter (circled in yellow) cannot be moved. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 276<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Dry Floodproof Mitigation Solution: Dry Floodproof <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 278<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 3.4.3: Building Utility Systems\u2014Plumbing Fact Sheet 3.4.3: Building Utility Systems\u2014Plumbing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 279<\/td>\n | Figure 3.4.3.1. Typical small public building drinking water plumbing system components served by the public water system. Figure 3.4.3.2. Typical small public building wastewater DWV system components served by the public sanitary sewer system. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 280<\/td>\n | Figure 3.4.3.3. Alternative small public building drinking water plumbing system components supplied by a well. Figure 3.4.3.4. Alternative small public wastewater DWV system components served by onsite waste disposal (septic). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 281<\/td>\n | Figure 3.4.3.5. Simplified large public building drinking water plumbing, wastewater DWV, and fire suppression system components with utilities supplied by public water and sanitary sewer. Figure 3.4.3.6. Typical small public building liquid fuel system. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 282<\/td>\n | Figure 3.4.3.7. Typical small public building flammable gas system liquid propane (LP) with tank and pressure regulator (left side); natural gas (NG) with meter (right side). Figure 3.4.3.8. Typical large public building supplied with liquid fuel (LP) or flammable gas (NG) systems. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 283<\/td>\n | Table 3.4.3.1. Common Plumbing System Mitigation Solutions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 284<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Elevate or Relocate Mitigation Solution: Elevate or Relocate Figure 3.4.3.9. Elevation of primary plumbing system components to the upper floor of an existing small public building. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 285<\/td>\n | Figure 3.4.3.10. Elevation of primary fuel system components on pedestals for a small public building. Figure 3.4.3.11. Outdoor fuel tank elevated on supporting frame (left); fuel tank elevated on structural fill (right). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 287<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Seal or Isolate Mitigation Solution: Seal or Isolate Figure 3.4.3.12. Backflow protection valves including a combination check valve and gate valve (left) and floor drain with ball float valve (right). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 288<\/td>\n | Figure 3.4.3.13. Protection of private well using a sanitary well cap (left) or concrete well cap (middle), and protection of septic tank with lids and gasketed access covers, concrete risers and riser caps (right). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 289<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Secure Mitigation Solution: Secure Figure 3.4.3.14. Secure and seal underground tanks to protect them from flood damage. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 291<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Dry Floodproof Mitigation Solution: Dry Floodproof <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 293<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 3.4.4: Building Utility Systems\u2014Conveyances Fact Sheet 3.4.4: Building Utility Systems\u2014Conveyances <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 294<\/td>\n | Figure 3.4.4.1. Typical elements of hydraulic elevators common in low-rise construction (left) and traction elevators common in high-rise construction (right). (Source: Otis Elevator Company) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 295<\/td>\n | Figure 3.4.4.2. Typical elements of escalators used in some large public buildings. (Source: Otis Elevator Company) Table 3.4.4.1. Common Mitigation Solutions for Conveyance Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 296<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Protect Mitigation Solution: Protect <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 297<\/td>\n | Figure 3.4.4.3. Float switch in pit to stop cab descent. (Source: Otis Elevator Company) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 299<\/td>\n | Figure 3.4.4.4. Inclined (left) and vertical (right) platform lifts move people between floors of a building. (U.S. Access Board, 2015) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 301<\/td>\n | Public Utilities Fact Sheet 4.0: Public Utilities Hurricane and Flood Impacts Mitigation Fact Sheets Fact Sheet 4.0: Public Utilities Hurricane and Flood Impacts Mitigation Fact Sheets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 302<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solutions Mitigation Solutions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 303<\/td>\n | Icons Icons Table 4.0.1. Icons Used to Represent Considerations about Hazard Mitigation Strategies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 306<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 4.1: Drinking Water Systems Fact Sheet 4.1: Drinking Water Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 307<\/td>\n | Figure 4.1.1. The typical water treatment process has opportunities for hazard mitigation.(Source: City of Rockville, Maryland, 2012) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 308<\/td>\n | Table 4.1.1. Common Mitigation Solutions for Drinking Water Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 309<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Water Intake, Distribution and Storage Mitigation Solution: For Water Intake, Distribution and Storage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 311<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Drinking Water Treatment Facilities Mitigation Solution: For Drinking Water Treatment Facilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 312<\/td>\n | Figure 4.1.2. Constructing a floodwall around a water treatment plant can protect buildings and equipment from flood damage. (Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2013) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 313<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Booster Stations and Other Pumps Figure 4.1.3. Installing an emergency backup generator can provide power to help a water treatment plant continue to operate during a flood. (Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2014) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 314<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Booster Stations and Other Pumps <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 315<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Chemical and Fuel Storage Tanks Figure 4.1.4. Water-tight doors can be used to protect pumps and other equipment in pump houses and booster stations. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 316<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Chemical and Fuel Storage Tanks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 317<\/td>\n | Figure 4.1.5. Secure tanks with non-corrosive straps to prevent flotation. (Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2014) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 318<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Instrumentation and Electrical Controls Mitigation Solution: For Instrumentation and Electrical Controls Figure 4.1.6. Elevating instrumentation can protect it from flood damage.(Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2014) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 320<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Power Supplies Mitigation Solution: For Power Supplies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 321<\/td>\n | Figure 4.1.7. Microgrids can provide power to a facility to reduce its dependence on the main electrical grid. (Source: Sandia National Laboratories, 2020) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 323<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 4.2: Wastewater Treatment Systems Fact Sheet 4.2: Wastewater Treatment Systems Table 4.2.1. Common Wastewater Treatment System Mitigation Solutions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 325<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Lift Stations Mitigation Solution: For Lift Stations Figure 4.2.1. Extend vent pipes and electrical controls above the flood elevation at lift stations. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 328<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Headworks Mitigation Solution: For Headworks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 330<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Wastewater Treatment Plants Mitigation Solution: For Wastewater Treatment Plants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 331<\/td>\n | Figure 4.2.2. Constructing a flood wall that extends above the 500-year flood elevation can help protect a wastewater treatment plant from flood damage. The blue lines indicate the approximate location of the planned floodwall for this treatment facilit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 333<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Chemical and Fuel Supplies Mitigation Solution: For Chemical and Fuel Supplies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 334<\/td>\n | Figure 4.2.3. Raise tanks above the 500-year flood elevation and secure them with non-corrosive hardware to keep them from floating. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 336<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Instrumentation and Electrical Controls Mitigation Solution: For Instrumentation and Electrical Controls Figure 4.2.4. Elevating instrumentation can protect it from damage during flooding. (Source: U.S. EPA, 2014) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 338<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Power Supplies Mitigation Solution: For Power Supplies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 339<\/td>\n | Figure 4.2.5. Installing renewable energy resources like solar panels can provide a standby source of power for wastewater treatment facilities. (National Renewable Energy Laboratory [NREL], 2017) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 341<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 4.3: Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Fact Sheet 4.3: Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Table 4.3.1. Common Mitigation Solutions for Electric Power Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 343<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Transmission and Distribution Mitigation Solution: For Transmission and Distribution Figure 4.3.1. Cross-section of conductor types. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 344<\/td>\n | Figure 4.3.2. Dampers and detuners can help mitigate against gallop. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 345<\/td>\n | Figure 4.3.3. Interphase spacers can be used to help mitigate conductor gallop. (Source: INMR, 2021) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 346<\/td>\n | Figure 4.3.4. An armless composite utility pole helps mitigate against wind damage. (Source: Ramon Velasquez, 2013) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 347<\/td>\n | Figure 4.3.5. Typical utility pole with multiple guy wires and anchors. Figure 4.3.6. Poles can be directly embedded in the ground deep enough to help prevent overturning, then backfilled with materials that can help increase foundation stability. (Source: Yenumula et al., 2017) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 349<\/td>\n | Figure 4.3.7. Comparison of loop-fed line versus radial-fed line systems. (Source: Bharti, 2015) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 350<\/td>\n | Figure 4.3.8. Installation of underground power lines. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 351<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Substations Mitigation Solution: For Substations Figure 4.3.9. Elevating a control house in coastal areas can protect it against damage from storm surge and flooding. (Source: Modular Connections, 2020) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 352<\/td>\n | Figure 4.3.10. The existing battery bank can be modified or augmented to provide additional backup power to the substation. (Source: OSHA, No Date) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 353<\/td>\n | Figure 4.3.11. Indoor gas-insulated switchgears can be used in environments where water can penetrate the control house. (Source: Siemens Energy, 2021) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 354<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Power Plants Mitigation Solution: For Power Plants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 355<\/td>\n | Figure 4.3.12. Hurricane Maria severely damaged a solar array in Puerto Rico in 2017. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 356<\/td>\n | Figure 4.3.13. Individual building-based solar and wind form the backbone of widely distributed generation. (Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2021) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 357<\/td>\n | Figure 4.3.14. A solar array on Vandenberg Air Force Base helps power facilities on the base.(Source: Defense Logistics Agency, photo by Airman First Class Clayton Wear, No Date) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 359<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For the Smart Grid Mitigation Solution: For the Smart Grid Figure 4.3.15. Pole-mounted automatic transmission and distribution line feeder reclosers can help identify and isolate faults so power can be restored quickly. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 360<\/td>\n | Figure 4.3.16. Dedicated fiber-optic cables embedded in power cables can provide additional communication channels for SCADA systems. (Source: Transmission-line.net, 2010) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 361<\/td>\n | Figure 4.3.17. Simplified AMI system (Source: Christopher Villareal, 2020) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 362<\/td>\n | Figure 4.3.18. Data collection gateways should be protected against wind by placing them in storm shelters. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 365<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 4.4: Communication Towers, Masts and Antennas Fact Sheet 4.4: Communication Towers, Masts and Antennas Figure 4.4.1. The collapse of a tower with antennas can damage the roof membrane, causing it to peel. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 366<\/td>\n | Table 4.4.1. Common Mitigation Solutions for Communications Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 367<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Anchor Mitigation Solution: Anchor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 368<\/td>\n | Figure 4.4.2. Rooftop antennas often are mounted using ballast sleds. Figure 4.4.3. Antennas can be secured to the building structure to improve wind resistance. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 370<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Strengthen Mitigation Solution: Strengthen Figure 4.4.4. Exterior and interior of an equipment shelter. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 375<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Elevate or Relocate Mitigation Solution: Elevate or Relocate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 377<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 5.0: Parks, Recreational and Other Facilities Hurricane and Flood Impacts Fact Sheet 5.0: Parks, Recreational and Other Facilities Hurricane and Flood Impacts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 378<\/td>\n | Mitigation Fact Sheets Mitigation Fact Sheets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 379<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solutions Mitigation Solutions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 380<\/td>\n | Icons Icons Table 5.0.1. Icons Used to Represent Considerations about Hazard Mitigation Strategies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 384<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 5.1: Parks and Recreational Facilities Fact Sheet 5.1: Parks and Recreational Facilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 385<\/td>\n | Table 5.1.1. Common Mitigation Solutions for Parks and Recreational Facilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 386<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Accessory Structures Mitigation Solution: For Accessory Structures Figure 5.1.1. Bolted brackets or clamps can be used to anchor some structures. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 387<\/td>\n | Figure 5.1.2. Chains or steel cables attached to ground anchors can be used to anchor park structures. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 388<\/td>\n | Figure 5.1.3. Some park equipment can be embedded deep enough into the ground to improve stability. Figure 5.1.4. Poles and posts embedded in concrete can help resist wind. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 389<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Sport Courts Mitigation Solution: For Sport Courts Figure 5.1.5. New courts can be overlaid on existing cracked tennis and basketball courts. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 390<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Landscaping Mitigation Solution: For Landscaping Figure 5.1.6. A bioswale can help retain floodwaters (left), and a culvert pipe can direct flow under a road or trail (right). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 392<\/td>\n | Figure 5.1.7. Greenways can help direct and absorb floodwaters. Figure 5.1.8. Nature-based solutions or hybrid approaches to streambank stabilization (combining hardscapes with nature-based solutions) can protect trails and other park facilities. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 394<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 5.2: Mass Transit Facilities Fact Sheet 5.2: Mass Transit Facilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 395<\/td>\n | Table 5.2.1. Additional Information on Mass Transit Facility Vulnerabilities and Mitigation Solutions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 397<\/td>\n | Table 5.2.2. Table 5.2.2. Common Mitigation Solutions for Mass Transit Facilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 398<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Tunnels Mitigation Solution: For Tunnels Figure 5.2.1. Subway tunnel cross section. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 399<\/td>\n | Figure 5.2.2. Inflatable plugs can prevent flooding in tunnels. (Source: Department of Homeland Security, 2017) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 400<\/td>\n | Figure 5.2.3. Elevated vent covers help protect against subway flooding while also acting as public sculptures. (Source: Jim Henderson, 2009) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 401<\/td>\n | Figure 5.2.4. Flood gates and flood barriers can help protect buildings and structures against rising water. Figure 5.2.5. Recessed passive barriers float into place automatically to protect against flooding. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 402<\/td>\n | Figure 5.2.6. Deployable covers for subway access stairways can help prevent flooding of underground stations. (Source: Metropolitan Transportation Authority, 2021) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 403<\/td>\n | Figure 5.2.7. Floodwalls can help protect buildings from being flooded. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 405<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Railways Mitigation Solution: For Railways Figure 5.2.8. Rail system components. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 409<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: For Catenary Overhead System Mitigation Solution: For Catenary Overhead System Figure 5.2.9. Catenary system. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 412<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 5.3: Earth Slope Stabilization Fact Sheet 5.3: Earth Slope Stabilization <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 413<\/td>\n | Slides Slides Figure 5.3.1. Examples and description of slides. (Source: Washington Geological Survey) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 414<\/td>\n | Table 5.3.1. Common Mitigation Solutions for Earth Slope Stabilization <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 415<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Excavate Mitigation Solution: Excavate Figure 5.3.2. Removing soil and replacing it with lightweight fill can help decrease loads that drive soil downslope. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 416<\/td>\n | Figure 5.3.3. Benching or terracing can help improve slope stability. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 417<\/td>\n | Figure 5.3.4. Reducing the slope angle removes some of the driving forces that can cause instability. (Source: USGS, 2004) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 418<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Reinforce or Strengthen Mitigation Solution: Reinforce or Strengthen Figure 5.3.5. Geosynthetics can be used to reinforce and strengthen slopes. (Source: FHWA, 2009) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 419<\/td>\n | Figure 5.3.6. A toe berm adds resistance to sliding material. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 420<\/td>\n | Figure 5.3.7. Deep soil mixing (DSM) creates a soil-concrete column to provide additional stability against sliding. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 421<\/td>\n | Figure 5.3.8. Soil nailing can allow slope stabilization at steep angles. (Source: FHWA, 2015) Figure 5.3.9. Soil nailing can be combined with vegetation to improve slope stability and aesthetics for both shallow and deep failure surfaces. (Source: FHWA, 2015) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 423<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Install Drainage Mitigation Solution: Install Drainage Figure 5.3.10. Interceptor trench drains can be used to direct surface runoff away from slopes. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 424<\/td>\n | Figure 5.3.11. Horizontal drains help lower the water table, which reduces driving forces by decreasing soil water content. (Source: USGS, 2008) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 425<\/td>\n | Figure 5.3.12. Check dams can be constructed of logs, rocks, or other materials to slow the flow of water in a channel on a slope. (Source: U.S. Forest Service, 2007) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 426<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Install Retaining Walls Mitigation Solution: Install Retaining Walls Figure 5.3.13. MSE walls use geotextiles and granular soil backfill to retain slopes. (Source: FHWA, 2009) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 427<\/td>\n | Figure 5.3.14. Soldier pile walls can be used to reinforce failure planes. (Source: FHWA, 1999) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 428<\/td>\n | Figure 5.3.15. Gabions can be used to improve slope stability by resisting the sideways forces behind them. (Source: FHWA, 2001) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 429<\/td>\n | Figure 5.3.16. Crib walls can be constructed easily to retain soil on a slope. (Source: U.S. Forest Service, 2007) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 431<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Install Nature-Based Solutions Mitigation Solution: Install Nature-Based Solutions Figure 5.3.17. Using vegetated stakes alone or in combination with a brush mat can help control erosion on slopes. (Source: NRCS, 1996) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 432<\/td>\n | Figure 5.3.18. Live fascine bundles can be used with stakes to help control erosion.(Source: USDA Forest Service, 2006) Figure 5.3.19. Live crib walls can provide stability and help control erosion. (Source: NRCS, 1996) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 435<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 5.4: Shorelines Fact Sheet 5.4: Shorelines Table 5.4.1. Common Shoreline Mitigation Solutions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 436<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Structurally Stabilize Shorelines Mitigation Solution: Structurally Stabilize Shorelines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 437<\/td>\n | Figure 5.4.1. Example seawall cross-sections. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 438<\/td>\n | Figure 5.4.2. Example of an anchored sheet-pile bulkhead. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 439<\/td>\n | Figure 5.4.3. Typical cross section of an armor stone revetment. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 440<\/td>\n | Figure 5.4.4. Typical plan view of a breakwater system. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 441<\/td>\n | Figure 5.4.5. Example sand accretion and erosion patterns around a groin system. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 443<\/td>\n | Figure 5.4.6. Rock cores can be used to build dunes that resist erosion from waves and surge. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 444<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Use Non-Structural Stabilization Mitigation Solution: Use Non-Structural Stabilization Figure 5.4.7. Beach nourishment replaces sand lost through longshore drift or erosion and increases resilience. (Source: USACE, 2020). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 445<\/td>\n | Figure 5.4.8. Nature-based solutions for shoreline stabilization via a \u201cLiving Shorelines\u201d approach. (Source: Adapted from NOAA, 2016) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 448<\/td>\n | Fact Sheet 5.5: Coastal Facilities Fact Sheet 5.5: Coastal Facilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 449<\/td>\n | Table 5.5.1. Common Mitigation Solutions for Damage to Coastal Facilities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 450<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Monitor, Inspect, Repair Mitigation Solution: Monitor, Inspect, Repair <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 451<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Retrofit, Reinforce Mitigation Solution: Retrofit, Reinforce Figure 5.5.1. Piles can be wrapped with PVC to protect them from damage (Source: Marine Fix Supply, 2018). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 452<\/td>\n | Figure 5.5.2. Fit aging piles with jacket encasements to strengthen and protect them (Source: Shoreline Plastics, No Date). Figure 5.5.3. Improve pier performance during future storms by replacing storm-damaged pre-cast concrete pier deck panels with reinforced cast-in-place concrete (Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, No Date). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 453<\/td>\n | Figure 5.5.4. Reinforce wharves, docks and boardwalks by splicing and reinforcing the structural components of piers and piles (Source: Professional Diving Services, 2020). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 454<\/td>\n | Figure 5.5.5. Rendering of downtown San Francisco Terminal Expansion Project containing a marine terminal dock complex with in-water structural components joined together withshore-based structures (Source: Water Emergency Transportation Authority, 2021 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 455<\/td>\n | Figure 5.5.6. An example of revetments protecting a boat launch ramp system. Figure 5.5.7. An example of an outdoor dry-stack storage facility (Source: Brendan McGinley, 2021). <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 456<\/td>\n | Figure 5.5.8. An example of an indoor dry-stack facility. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 457<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Elevate Mitigation Solution: Elevate Figure 5.5.9. Elevating piers can help protect them from the impacts of floods (Source: USACE, 2020) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 459<\/td>\n | Mitigation Solution: Upgrade, Relocate Mitigation Solution: Upgrade, Relocate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 461<\/td>\n | Appendices <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 462<\/td>\n | A:\tAcronyms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 463<\/td>\n | B:\tGlossary of Key Terms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 474<\/td>\n | C:\tCodes, Standards, Best Practices and Mitigation 1. Codes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 476<\/td>\n | 2. Standards <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 477<\/td>\n | 3. Best Practices <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 478<\/td>\n | 4. Mitigation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 481<\/td>\n | D:\tReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 486<\/td>\n | E:\tComment Submission and Contacting FEMA How to Obtain Hurricane and Flood Mitigation Handbook for Public Facilities How to Send Comments on the Handbook How to Get More Information <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" FEMA P-2181: Hurricane and Flood Mitigation Handbook for Public Facilities, March 2022<\/b><\/p>\n |