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ACI 437R 03 2003

ACI 437R 03 2003

$43.60

437R-03: Strength Evaluation of Existing Concrete Buildings

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
ACI 2003 28
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The strength of existing concrete buildings and structures can be evaluated analytically or in conjunction with a load test. The recommendations in this report indicate when such an evaluation may be needed, establish criteria for selecting the evaluation method, and indicate the data and background information necessary for an evaluation. Methods of determining material properties used in the analytical and load tests investigation are described in detail. Analytical investigations should follow the principles of strength design outlined in ACI 318. Working stress analysis can supplement the analytical investigations by relating the actual state of stress in structural components to the observed conditions. Procedures for conducting static load tests and criteria indicated for deflection under load and recovery are recommended. Keywords: cracking; deflection; deformation; deterioration; gravity load; load; load test; reinforced concrete; strength; strength evaluation; test.

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PDF Pages PDF Title
1 CONTENTS
CONTENTS
2 CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION
1.1 — Scope
1.1 — Scope
1.2—Applications
1.2—Applications
1.3—Exceptions
1.3—Exceptions
1.4—Categories of evaluation
1.4—Categories of evaluation
1.5—Procedure for a structural evaluation
1.5—Procedure for a structural evaluation
1.6—Commentary
1.6—Commentary
3 1.7—Organization of the report
1.7—Organization of the report
CHAPTER 2— PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
CHAPTER 2— PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
2.1—Review of existing information
2.1—Review of existing information
2.1.1 The original design
2.1.1 The original design
2.1.2 Construction materials
2.1.2 Construction materials
2.1.3 Construction records
2.1.3 Construction records
4 2.1.4 Design and construction personnel
2.1.4 Design and construction personnel
2.1.5 Service history of the building
2.1.5 Service history of the building
2.2—Condition survey of the building
2.2—Condition survey of the building
2.2.1 Recognition of abnormalities
2.2.1 Recognition of abnormalities
2.2.2 Visual examination
2.2.2 Visual examination
2.2.3 In-place tests for assessing the compressive strengthof concrete
2.2.3 In-place tests for assessing the compressive strengthof concrete
5 2.2.3.1 Rebound number
2.2.3.1 Rebound number
2.2.3.2 Probe penetration
2.2.3.2 Probe penetration
2.2.3.3 Pulse velocity
2.2.3.3 Pulse velocity
6 2.2.3.4 Pullout test
2.2.3.4 Pullout test
2.2.4 In-place tests for locating reinforcing steel
2.2.4 In-place tests for locating reinforcing steel
2.2.4.1 Electromagnetic devices
2.2.4.1 Electromagnetic devices
7 2.2.4.2 Radiography
2.2.4.2 Radiography
2.2.4.3 Ground-penetrating radar
2.2.4.3 Ground-penetrating radar
2.2.4.4 Removal of concrete cover
2.2.4.4 Removal of concrete cover
2.2.5 Nondestructive tests for identifying internalabnormalities
2.2.5 Nondestructive tests for identifying internalabnormalities
2.2.5.1 Sounding
2.2.5.1 Sounding
8 2.2.5.2 Pulse velocity
2.2.5.2 Pulse velocity
2.2.5.3 Impact-echo method
2.2.5.3 Impact-echo method
2.2.5.4 Impulse-response method
2.2.5.4 Impulse-response method
2.2.5.5 Ground-penetrating radar
2.2.5.5 Ground-penetrating radar
9 2.2.5.6 Infrared thermography
2.2.5.6 Infrared thermography
2.2.5.7 Radiography
2.2.5.7 Radiography
CHAPTER 3— METHODS FOR MATERIAL EVALUATION
CHAPTER 3— METHODS FOR MATERIAL EVALUATION
3.1—Concrete
3.1—Concrete
3.1.1 Guidelines on sampling concrete
3.1.1 Guidelines on sampling concrete
10 3.1.1.1 Core sampling
3.1.1.1 Core sampling
3.1.1.2 Random sampling of broken concrete
3.1.1.2 Random sampling of broken concrete
3.1.2 Petrographic and chemical analyses
3.1.2 Petrographic and chemical analyses
3.1.2.1 Petrography
3.1.2.1 Petrography
11 3.1.2.2 Chemical tests
3.1.2.2 Chemical tests
12 3.1.3 Testing concrete for compressive strength
3.1.3 Testing concrete for compressive strength
3.1.3.1 Testing cores
3.1.3.1 Testing cores
3.1.3.2 In-place tests
3.1.3.2 In-place tests
13 3.2—Reinforcing steel
3.2—Reinforcing steel
3.2.1 Determination of yield strength
3.2.1 Determination of yield strength
3.2.2 Sampling techniques
3.2.2 Sampling techniques
3.2.3 Additional considerations
3.2.3 Additional considerations
14 CHAPTER 4— ASSESSMENT OF LOADING CONDITIONS AND SELECTION OF EVALUATION METHOD
CHAPTER 4— ASSESSMENT OF LOADING CONDITIONS AND SELECTION OF EVALUATION METHOD
4.1 — Assessment of loading and environmental conditions
4.1 — Assessment of loading and environmental conditions
4.1.1 Dead loads
4.1.1 Dead loads
4.1.1.1 Self-weight of structure
4.1.1.1 Self-weight of structure
4.1.1.2 Superimposed dead loads
4.1.1.2 Superimposed dead loads
4.1.2 Live loads
4.1.2 Live loads
4.1.3 Wind loads
4.1.3 Wind loads
4.1.4 Rain loads
4.1.4 Rain loads
4.1.5 Snow and ice loads
4.1.5 Snow and ice loads
4.1.6 Seismic loads
4.1.6 Seismic loads
4.1.7 Thermal effects
4.1.7 Thermal effects
15 4.1.8 Creep and shrinkage
4.1.8 Creep and shrinkage
4.1.9 Soil and hydrostatic pressure
4.1.9 Soil and hydrostatic pressure
4.1.10 Fire
4.1.10 Fire
4.1.11 Loading combinations
4.1.11 Loading combinations
4.2—Selecting the proper method of evaluation
4.2—Selecting the proper method of evaluation
4.2.1 Evaluation solely by analysis
4.2.1 Evaluation solely by analysis
4.2.2 Evaluation by analysis and in-place load testing
4.2.2 Evaluation by analysis and in-place load testing
16 4.2.3 Evaluation by analysis and small-scale models
4.2.3 Evaluation by analysis and small-scale models
CHAPTER 5— EVALUATION
CHAPTER 5— EVALUATION
5.1—Analytical evaluation
5.1—Analytical evaluation
5.1.1 Forms of analysis
5.1.1 Forms of analysis
5.1.2 Levels of analysis
5.1.2 Levels of analysis
5.1.2.1 Rigorous analysis
5.1.2.1 Rigorous analysis
17 5.1.2.2 Finite-element analysis
5.1.2.2 Finite-element analysis
5.1.2.3 Approximate analysis
5.1.2.3 Approximate analysis
5.1.3 General considerations
5.1.3 General considerations
5.1.4 Acceptance criteria
5.1.4 Acceptance criteria
5.1.5 Findings of the analytical evaluation
5.1.5 Findings of the analytical evaluation
5.2—Supplementing the analytical evaluation with load tests
5.2—Supplementing the analytical evaluation with load tests
5.2.1 Conditions for use
5.2.1 Conditions for use
18 5.2.2 Identifying the form of test to be conducted
5.2.2 Identifying the form of test to be conducted
5.2.3 General requirements
5.2.3 General requirements
5.2.4 Test loads
5.2.4 Test loads
19 5.2.5 Instrumentation
5.2.5 Instrumentation
5.2.6 Shoring
5.2.6 Shoring
20 5.2.7 Static load tests of flexural members
5.2.7 Static load tests of flexural members
5.2.7.1 Guidelines
5.2.7.1 Guidelines
5.2.7.2 Criteria for evaluation of the 24 h static loadtest
5.2.7.2 Criteria for evaluation of the 24 h static loadtest
21 5.2.8 Static load tests of elements in shear
5.2.8 Static load tests of elements in shear
5.2.9 Interpretation of load test results
5.2.9 Interpretation of load test results
5.3—Research needs
5.3—Research needs
22 CHAPTER 6— REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6— REFERENCES
6.1 — Referenced standards and reports
6.1 — Referenced standards and reports
23 6.2—Cited references
6.2—Cited references
25 6.3—Other references
6.3—Other references
APPENDIX A— CYCLIC LOAD TEST METHOD
APPENDIX A— CYCLIC LOAD TEST METHOD
A.1 Cyclic load test
A.1 Cyclic load test
26 A.2 Criteria for evaluation of cyclic load test
A.2 Criteria for evaluation of cyclic load test
28 APPENDIX B— REPORTS FROM OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
APPENDIX B— REPORTS FROM OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

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