Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) systems for strengthening concrete structures are an alternative to traditional strengthening techniques, such as steel plate bonding, section enlargement, and external post-tensioning. FRP strengthening systems use FRP composite materials as supplemental externally bonded reinforcement. FRP systems offer advantages over traditional strengthening techniques: they are lightweight, relatively easy to install, and are noncorrosive. Due to the characteristics of FRP materials as well as the behavior of members strengthened with FRP, specific guidance on the use of these systems is needed. This document offers general information on the history and use of FRP strengthening systems; a description of the unique material properties of FRP; and committee recommendations on the engineering, construction, and inspection of FRP systems used to strengthen concrete structures. The proposed guidelines are based on the knowledge gained from experimental research, analytical work, and field applications of FRP systems used to strengthen concrete structures. Keywords: aramid fibers; bridges; buildings; carbon fibers; concrete; corrosion; crack widths; cracking; cyclic loading; deflection; development length; earthquake-resistant; fatigue; fiber-reinforced polymers; flexure; shear; stress; structural analysis; structural design; torsion.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
3	CONTENTS CONTENTS
5	PART 1—GENERAL PART 1—GENERAL CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1.1— Introduction 1.1— Introduction 1.2—Scope and limitations 1.2—Scope and limitations
6	1.3—Applications and use 1.3—Applications and use 1.3.1 Strengthening limits 1.3.1 Strengthening limits 1.3.2 Fire and life safety 1.3.2 Fire and life safety 1.3.3 Maximum service temperature 1.3.3 Maximum service temperature
7	1.3.4 Minimum concrete substrate strength 1.3.4 Minimum concrete substrate strength 1.4—Use of FRP systems 1.4—Use of FRP systems CHAPTER 2— NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS CHAPTER 2— NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS 2.1— Notation 2.1— Notation
9	2.2—Definitions and acronyms 2.2—Definitions and acronyms
12	CHAPTER 3— BACKGROUND INFORMATION CHAPTER 3— BACKGROUND INFORMATION 3.1—Historical development 3.1—Historical development 3.2—Commercially available externally bonded FRP systems 3.2—Commercially available externally bonded FRP systems 3.2.1 Wet layup systems 3.2.1 Wet layup systems
13	3.2.2 Prepreg systems 3.2.2 Prepreg systems 3.2.3 Precured systems 3.2.3 Precured systems 3.2.4 Near-surface-mounted (NSM) systems 3.2.4 Near-surface-mounted (NSM) systems PART 2—MATERIALS PART 2—MATERIALS CHAPTER 4— CONSTITUENT MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES CHAPTER 4— CONSTITUENT MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES 4.1—Constituent materials 4.1—Constituent materials 4.1.1 Resins 4.1.1 Resins 4.1.1.1 Primer 4.1.1.1 Primer 4.1.1.2 Putty fillers 4.1.1.2 Putty fillers 4.1.1.3 Saturating resin 4.1.1.3 Saturating resin
14	4.1.1.4 Adhesives 4.1.1.4 Adhesives 4.1.2 Fibers 4.1.2 Fibers 4.1.3 Protective coatings 4.1.3 Protective coatings 4.2—Physical properties 4.2—Physical properties 4.2.1 Density 4.2.1 Density 4.2.2 Coefficient of thermal expansion 4.2.2 Coefficient of thermal expansion 4.2.3 Effects of high temperatures 4.2.3 Effects of high temperatures
15	4.3—Mechanical properties 4.3—Mechanical properties 4.3.1 Tensile behavior 4.3.1 Tensile behavior 4.3.2 Compressive behavior 4.3.2 Compressive behavior
16	4.4—Time-dependent behavior 4.4—Time-dependent behavior 4.4.1 Creep-rupture 4.4.1 Creep-rupture 4.4.2 Fatigue 4.4.2 Fatigue 4.5—Durability 4.5—Durability
17	4.6—FRP systems qualification 4.6—FRP systems qualification PART 3— RECOMMENDED CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS PART 3— RECOMMENDED CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS CHAPTER 5— SHIPPING, STORAGE, AND HANDLING CHAPTER 5— SHIPPING, STORAGE, AND HANDLING 5.1— Shipping 5.1— Shipping 5.2—Storage 5.2—Storage 5.2.1 Storage conditions 5.2.1 Storage conditions 5.2.2 Shelf life 5.2.2 Shelf life 5.3—Handling 5.3—Handling 5.3.1 Material safety data sheet 5.3.1 Material safety data sheet 5.3.2 Information sources 5.3.2 Information sources 5.3.3 General handling hazards 5.3.3 General handling hazards 5.3.4 Personnel safe handling and clothing 5.3.4 Personnel safe handling and clothing
18	5.3.5 Workplace safe handling 5.3.5 Workplace safe handling 5.3.6 Cleanup and disposal 5.3.6 Cleanup and disposal CHAPTER 6— INSTALLATION CHAPTER 6— INSTALLATION 6.1—Contractor competency 6.1—Contractor competency 6.2—Temperature, humidity, and moisture considerations 6.2—Temperature, humidity, and moisture considerations 6.3—Equipment 6.3—Equipment 6.4—Substrate repair and surface preparation 6.4—Substrate repair and surface preparation 6.4.1 Substrate repair 6.4.1 Substrate repair 6.4.1.1 Corrosion-related deterioration 6.4.1.1 Corrosion-related deterioration
19	6.4.1.2 Injection of cracks 6.4.1.2 Injection of cracks 6.4.2 Surface preparation 6.4.2 Surface preparation 6.4.2.1 Bond-critical applications 6.4.2.1 Bond-critical applications 6.4.2.2 Contact-critical applications 6.4.2.2 Contact-critical applications 6.4.3 Surface-embedded systems 6.4.3 Surface-embedded systems 6.5—Mixing of resins 6.5—Mixing of resins 6.6—Application of FRP systems 6.6—Application of FRP systems
20	6.6.1 Primer and putty 6.6.1 Primer and putty 6.6.2 Wet layup systems 6.6.2 Wet layup systems 6.6.3 Machine-applied systems 6.6.3 Machine-applied systems 6.6.4 Precured systems 6.6.4 Precured systems 6.6.5 NSM systems 6.6.5 NSM systems 6.6.6 Protective coatings 6.6.6 Protective coatings 6.7—Alignment of FRP materials 6.7—Alignment of FRP materials
21	6.8—Multiple plies and lap splices 6.8—Multiple plies and lap splices 6.9—Curing of resins 6.9—Curing of resins 6.10—Temporary protection 6.10—Temporary protection CHAPTER 7— INSPECTION, EVALUATION, AND ACCEPTANCE CHAPTER 7— INSPECTION, EVALUATION, AND ACCEPTANCE 7.1—Inspection 7.1—Inspection 7.2—Evaluation and acceptance 7.2—Evaluation and acceptance
22	7.2.1 Materials 7.2.1 Materials 7.2.2 Fiber orientation 7.2.2 Fiber orientation 7.2.3 Delaminations 7.2.3 Delaminations 7.2.4 Cure of resins 7.2.4 Cure of resins 7.2.5 Adhesion strength 7.2.5 Adhesion strength 7.2.6 Cured thickness 7.2.6 Cured thickness
23	CHAPTER 8— MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR CHAPTER 8— MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR 8.1— General 8.1— General 8.2—Inspection and assessment 8.2—Inspection and assessment 8.2.1 General inspection 8.2.1 General inspection 8.2.2 Testing 8.2.2 Testing 8.2.3 Assessment 8.2.3 Assessment 8.3—Repair of strengthening system 8.3—Repair of strengthening system 8.4—Repair of surface coating 8.4—Repair of surface coating PART 4—DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS PART 4—DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS CHAPTER 9— GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS CHAPTER 9— GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 9.1—Design philosophy 9.1—Design philosophy 9.2—Strengthening limits 9.2—Strengthening limits
24	9.2.1 Structural fire endurance 9.2.1 Structural fire endurance 9.2.2 Overall structural strength 9.2.2 Overall structural strength
25	9.2.3 Seismic applications 9.2.3 Seismic applications 9.3—Selection of FRP systems 9.3—Selection of FRP systems 9.3.1 Environmental considerations 9.3.1 Environmental considerations 9.3.2 Loading considerations 9.3.2 Loading considerations 9.3.3 Durability considerations 9.3.3 Durability considerations 9.3.4 Protective-coating selection considerations 9.3.4 Protective-coating selection considerations
26	9.4—Design material properties 9.4—Design material properties CHAPTER 10— FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING CHAPTER 10— FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING 10.1—Nominal strength 10.1—Nominal strength
27	10.1.1 Failure modes 10.1.1 Failure modes
28	10.2—Reinforced concrete members 10.2—Reinforced concrete members 10.2.1 Assumptions 10.2.1 Assumptions 10.2.2 Shear strength 10.2.2 Shear strength 10.2.3 Existing substrate strain 10.2.3 Existing substrate strain 10.2.4 Flexural strengthening of concave soffits 10.2.4 Flexural strengthening of concave soffits 10.2.5 Strain level in FRP reinforcement 10.2.5 Strain level in FRP reinforcement 10.2.6 Stress level in the FRP reinforcement 10.2.6 Stress level in the FRP reinforcement
29	10.2.7 Strength reduction factor 10.2.7 Strength reduction factor 10.2.8 Serviceability 10.2.8 Serviceability 10.2.9 Creep-rupture and fatigue stress limits 10.2.9 Creep-rupture and fatigue stress limits
30	10.2.10 Ultimate strength of singly reinforced rectangular section 10.2.10 Ultimate strength of singly reinforced rectangular section
31	10.2.10.1 Stress in steel under service loads 10.2.10.1 Stress in steel under service loads 10.2.10.2 Stress in FRP under service loads 10.2.10.2 Stress in FRP under service loads 10.3—Prestressed concrete members 10.3—Prestressed concrete members 10.3.1 Members with bonded prestressing steel 10.3.1 Members with bonded prestressing steel 10.3.1.1 Assumptions 10.3.1.1 Assumptions
32	10.3.1.2 Strain in FRP reinforcement 10.3.1.2 Strain in FRP reinforcement 10.3.1.3 Strength reduction factor 10.3.1.3 Strength reduction factor 10.3.1.4 Serviceability 10.3.1.4 Serviceability 10.3.1.5 Creep-rupture and fatigue stress limits 10.3.1.5 Creep-rupture and fatigue stress limits 10.3.1.6 Nominal strength 10.3.1.6 Nominal strength
33	10.3.1.7 Stress in prestressing steel under service loads 10.3.1.7 Stress in prestressing steel under service loads 10.3.1.8 Stress in FRP under service loads 10.3.1.8 Stress in FRP under service loads
34	CHAPTER 11— SHEAR STRENGTHENING CHAPTER 11— SHEAR STRENGTHENING 11.1—General considerations 11.1—General considerations 11.2—Wrapping schemes 11.2—Wrapping schemes 11.3—Nominal shear strength 11.3—Nominal shear strength
35	11.4—FRP contribution to shear strength 11.4—FRP contribution to shear strength 11.4.1 Effective strain in FRP laminates 11.4.1 Effective strain in FRP laminates 11.4.1.1 Completely wrapped members 11.4.1.1 Completely wrapped members 11.4.1.2 Bonded U-wraps or bonded face plies 11.4.1.2 Bonded U-wraps or bonded face plies
36	11.4.2 Spacing 11.4.2 Spacing 11.4.3 Reinforcement limits 11.4.3 Reinforcement limits CHAPTER 12— STRENGTHENING OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL FORCE OR COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING FORCES CHAPTER 12— STRENGTHENING OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL FORCE OR COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING FORCES 12.1—Pure axial compression 12.1—Pure axial compression
37	12.1.1 Circular cross sections 12.1.1 Circular cross sections 12.1.2 Noncircular cross sections 12.1.2 Noncircular cross sections
38	12.1.3 Serviceability considerations 12.1.3 Serviceability considerations 12.2—Combined axial compression and bending 12.2—Combined axial compression and bending
39	12.3—Ductility enhancement 12.3—Ductility enhancement 12.3.1 Circular cross sections 12.3.1 Circular cross sections 12.3.2 Noncircular cross sections 12.3.2 Noncircular cross sections 12.4—Pure axial tension 12.4—Pure axial tension CHAPTER 13— FRP REINFORCEMENT DETAILS CHAPTER 13— FRP REINFORCEMENT DETAILS 13.1—Bond and delamination 13.1—Bond and delamination 13.1.1 FRP debonding 13.1.1 FRP debonding
40	13.1.2 FRP end peeling 13.1.2 FRP end peeling 13.1.3 Development length 13.1.3 Development length 13.2—Detailing of laps and splices 13.2—Detailing of laps and splices
41	13.3—Bond of near-surface-mounted systems 13.3—Bond of near-surface-mounted systems
42	CHAPTER 14— DRAWINGS, SPECIFICATIONS, AND SUBMITTALS CHAPTER 14— DRAWINGS, SPECIFICATIONS, AND SUBMITTALS 14.1— Engineering requirements 14.1— Engineering requirements 14.2—Drawings and specifications 14.2—Drawings and specifications 14.3—Submittals 14.3—Submittals 14.3.1 FRP system manufacturer 14.3.1 FRP system manufacturer 14.3.2 FRP system installation contractor 14.3.2 FRP system installation contractor 14.3.3 FRP system inspection agency 14.3.3 FRP system inspection agency
43	PART 5—DESIGN EXAMPLES PART 5—DESIGN EXAMPLES CHAPTER 15— DESIGN EXAMPLES CHAPTER 15— DESIGN EXAMPLES 15.1— Calculation of FRP system tensile properties 15.1— Calculation of FRP system tensile properties
44	15.2—Comparison of FRP systems’ tensile properties 15.2—Comparison of FRP systems’ tensile properties
45	15.3—Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with FRP laminates 15.3—Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with FRP laminates
49	15.4—Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with NSM FRP bars 15.4—Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with NSM FRP bars
54	15.5—Flexural strengthening of an interior prestressed concrete beam with FRP laminates 15.5—Flexural strengthening of an interior prestressed concrete beam with FRP laminates
59	15.6—Shear strengthening of an interior T-beam 15.6—Shear strengthening of an interior T-beam
61	15.7—Shear strengthening of an exterior column 15.7—Shear strengthening of an exterior column
62	15.8—Strengthening of a noncircular concrete column for axial load increase 15.8—Strengthening of a noncircular concrete column for axial load increase
64	15.9—Strengthening of a noncircular concrete column for increase in axial and bending forces 15.9—Strengthening of a noncircular concrete column for increase in axial and bending forces
68	CHAPTER 16— REFERENCES CHAPTER 16— REFERENCES 16.1— Referenced standards and reports 16.1— Referenced standards and reports
69	16.2—Cited references 16.2—Cited references
74	APPENDIXES APPENDIXES APPENDIX A— MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON, GLASS, AND ARAMID FIBERS APPENDIX A— MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON, GLASS, AND ARAMID FIBERS
75	APPENDIX B— SUMMARY OF STANDARD TEST METHODS APPENDIX B— SUMMARY OF STANDARD TEST METHODS
76	APPENDIX C— AREAS OF FUTURE RESEARCH APPENDIX C— AREAS OF FUTURE RESEARCH
77	APPENDIX D— METHODOLOGY FOR COMPUTATION OF SIMPLIFIED P- M INTERACTION DIAGRAM FOR NONCIRCULAR COLUMNS APPENDIX D— METHODOLOGY FOR COMPUTATION OF SIMPLIFIED P- M INTERACTION DIAGRAM FOR NONCIRCULAR COLUMNS

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ACI	2008	80


PDF Format	Searchable	Printable	Preview Now

Standard Title	440.2R-08 Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures
Published Code	ACI
Publication Date	2008
Pages Count	80

ACI 440.2R 08 2008

PDF Catalog

Related products