The American Concrete Institute’s Field Reference Manual is a compilation of ACI 301-16 Specifications for Structural Concrete and additional ACI documents on measuring, mixing, transporting, and placing concrete; concrete pumping methods; hot- and cold-weather concreting; consolidation; and concrete formwork. ACI 301-16 requires that the contractor keep a copy of this manual in the field office of any project where ACI 301 is specified. Keywords: admixture; aggregate; air entrainment; architectural concrete; cement; cementitious materials; cold weather; compressive strength; concrete; concrete construction; concrete durability; concrete slab; consolidation; conveyor; curing; density; exposed-aggregate finish; finish; floors; formwork; grout; grouting; hot-weather; inspection; joint (construction, contraction, and isolation); lightweight concrete; mixture; mixture proportion; placing; prestressed concrete; prestressing steel; reinforced concrete; reinforcement; repair; reshoring; shoring; shrinkage-compensating concrete; specification; subgrade; temperature; test; tolerance; water-cementitious material ratio; welded wire reinforcement.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
3	01–Contents
5	02–301-16
6	SECTION 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 1.1—Scope
7	1.2—Interpretation 1.3—Definitions
9	1.4—Referenced standards
12	1.5—Submittals 1.6—Testing and inspection
14	1.7—Acceptance of structure
15	1.8—Protection of in-place concrete SECTION 2—FORMWORK AND FORMWORK ACCESSORIES 2.1—General
16	2.2—Products 2.3—Execution
18	SECTION 3—REINFORCEMENT AND REINFORCEMENT SUPPORTS 3.1—General 3.2—Products
20	3.3—Execution
22	SECTION 4—CONCRETE MIXTURES 4.1—General 4.2—Products
27	4.3—Execution SECTION 5—HANDLING, PLACING, AND CONSTRUCTING 5.1—General
28	5.2—Products 5.3—Execution
32	SECTION 6—ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE 6.1—General 6.2—Products
33	6.3—Execution
35	SECTION 7—LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE 7.1—General 7.2—Products 7.3—Execution SECTION 8—MASS CONCRETE 8.1—General 8.2—Products
36	8.3—Execution SECTION 9—POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE 9.1—General
38	9.2—Products
39	9.3—Execution
42	SECTION 10—SHRINKAGE-COMPENSATING CONCRETE FOR INTERIOR SLABS 10.1—General 10.2—Products 10.3—Execution SECTION 11—INDUSTRIAL FLOOR SLABS 11.1—General
43	11.2—Products 11.3—Execution
44	SECTION 12—TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION 12.1—General
45	12.2—Products 12.3—Execution
46	SECTION 13—PRECAST STRUCTURAL CONCRETE 13.1—General
47	13.2—Products
50	13.3—Execution
52	SECTION 14—PRECAST ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE 14.1—General
53	14.2—Products
55	14.3—Execution NOTES TO SPECIFIER (Nonmandatory) General notes
56	Foreword to checklists
69	03–117-10(15)
145	04–117.1R-14
146	CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1.1—Introduction 1.2—Scope 1.3—Unit conversions CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONS 2.1—Definitions
147	CHAPTER 3—TOLERANCE COORDINATION AND RESPONSIBILITY 3.1—Tolerance coordination meetings 3.2—Responsibilities
148	3.3—Review and approval 3.4—Measurements
149	CHAPTER 4—CREATING TOLERANCE COMPATIBILITY 4.1—Steps toward tolerance compatibility 4.2—More restrictive tolerances
150	4.3—Tolerance limit considerations
152	4.4—Coordinating architectural layouts with structural framing
155	4.5—Communicating information CHAPTER 5—TOLERANCES AND METHODS OF ACCOMMODATING TOLERANCES
160	5.2—Elevator cores and hoistways
161	5.3—Openings in slabs and walls
166	5.4—Manufactured couplers and splicing systems for reinforcing bars
167	5.5—Cast-in-place stairs
168	5.6—Cladding systems
181	5.7—Infill wall systems
185	5.8—Surface accessibility
187	5.9—Finish floor coverings
188	5.10—Expansion joints
189	CHAPTER 6—REFERENCES
190	Cited references
193	05–211.5R-14
194	CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1.1—General 1.2—Scope CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS 2.1—Notation 2.2—Definitions CHAPTER 3—MATERIALS AND PRODUCTION 3.1—Quality of constituent materials 3.2—Submittal information
195	CHAPTER 4—CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTIONS 4.1—Proportioning 4.2—Quantities by weight 4.3—Quantities by volume CHAPTER 5—DOCUMENTATION OF SPECIFIED PROPERTIES 5.1—Freshly mixed concrete properties 5.2—Required average strength fcr′ 5.3—Past performance record submittal 5.4—Trial batch record submittal 5.5—Specific properties other than strength
196	5.6—Resubmittals CHAPTER 6—ADDITIONAL SUGGESTED DOCUMENTATION 6.1—Transmittal letter 6.2—Submittal forms CHAPTER 7—REFERENCES
197	APPENDIX A—PRESCRIPTIVE SUBMITTAL NO. 1 (SINGLE MIXTURE, MULTIPLE PLANTS)
203	APPENDIX B—PRESCRIPTIVE SUBMITTAL NO. 2 (MULTIPLE MIXTURES, MULTIPLE PLANTS)
206	APPENDIX C—PERFORMANCE SUBMITTAL
207	06–224.1R-07
208	PREFACE CHAPTER 1— CAUSES AND CONTROL OF CRACKING 1.1— Introduction 1.2—Cracking of plastic concrete 1.2.1 Plastic shrinkage cracking 1.2.2 Settlement cracking
209	1.3—Cracking of hardened concrete 1.3.1 Drying shrinkage
210	1.3.2 Thermal stresses 1.3.3 Chemical reaction
211	1.3.4 Weathering 1.3.5 Corrosion of reinforcement
212	1.3.6 Poor construction practices 1.3.7 Construction overloads
213	1.3.8 Errors in design and detailing
214	1.3.9 Externally applied loads
215	CHAPTER 2— EVALUATION OF CRACKING 2.1— Introduction 2.2—Determination of location and extent of concrete cracking 2.2.1 Direct and indirect observation
217	2.2.2 Nondestructive testing
218	2.2.3 Tests on concrete cores 2.2.4 Review of drawings and construction data
219	2.3—Selection of repair procedures CHAPTER 3— METHODS OF CRACK REPAIR 3.1— Introduction 3.2—Epoxy injection
220	3.3—Routing and sealing
221	3.4—Near-surface reinforcing and pinning 3.5—Additional reinforcement 3.5.1 Conventional reinforcement
222	3.5.2 Prestressing steel 3.6—Drilling and plugging 3.7—Gravity filling
223	3.8—Grouting 3.8.1 Portland-cement grouting 3.8.2 Chemical grouting 3.9—Drypacking 3.10—Crack arrest
224	3.11—Polymer impregnation 3.12—Overlay and surface treatments 3.13—Autogenous healing CHAPTER 4— REFERENCES 4.1— Referenced standards and reports
225	4.2—Cited references
229	07–302.1R-15
231	CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION 1.1—Purpose 1.2—Scope CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONS CHAPTER 3—PREBID AND PRECONSTRUCTION MEETINGS 3.1—Prebid meeting 3.2—Preconstruction meeting
232	CHAPTER 4—CLASSES OF FLOORS 4.1—Classification of floors 4.2—Single-course monolithic floors: Classes 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 4.3—Two-course floors: Classes 3, 7, and 8
234	4.4—Class 9 floors 4.5—Special finish floors CHAPTER 5—DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 5.1—Scope 5.2—Slabs-on-ground
239	5.3—Suspended slabs
241	5.4—Miscellaneous details
242	CHAPTER 6—SITE PREPARATION AND PLACING ENVIRONMENT 6.1—Soil-support system preparation
244	6.2—Suspended slabs 6.3—Bulkheads 6.4—Setting screed guides 6.5—Installation of auxiliary materials 6.6—Concrete placement conditions
245	CHAPTER 7—ASSOCIATED MATERIALS 7.1—Introduction 7.2—Reinforcement
246	7.3—Special-purpose aggregates 7.4—Monomolecular films 7.5—Curing materials
247	7.6—Gloss-imparting waxes 7.7—Liquid surface treatments
248	7.8—Joint materials 7.9—Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) CHAPTER 8—CONCRETE MATERIALS AND MIXTURE PROPORTIONING 8.1—Introduction 8.2—Concrete 8.3—Concrete properties
249	8.4—Recommended concrete mixture
251	8.5—Aggregates
252	8.6—Portland cement
253	8.7—Water 8.8—Admixtures
255	8.9—Concrete mixture analysis
259	CHAPTER 9—BATCHING, MIXING, AND TRANSPORTING 9.1—Batching
260	9.2—Mixing 9.3—Transporting
261	CHAPTER 10—PLACING, CONSOLIDATING, AND FINISHING 10.1—Placing operations
262	10.2—Tools for spreading, consolidating, and finishing
265	10.3—Spreading, consolidating, and finishing operations
272	10.4—Finishing Class 1, 2, and 3 floors 10.5—Finishing Class 4 and 5 floors 10.6—Finishing Class 6 floors and monolithic-surface treatments for wear resistance
274	10.7—Finishing Class 7 floors
275	10.8—Finishing Class 8 floors (two-course unbonded) 10.9—Finishing Class 9 floors
276	10.10—Toppings for precast floors 10.11—Finishing lightweight concrete
278	10.12—Nonslip floors 10.13—Decorative and nonslip treatments
280	10.14—Grinding as repair procedure 10.15—Floor flatness and levelness
284	10.16—Treatment when bleeding is a problem
285	10.17—Delays in cold-weather finishing CHAPTER 11—CURING, PROTECTION, AND JOINT FILLING 11.1—Purpose of curing 11.2—Methods of curing
286	11.3—Curing at joints 11.4—Curing special concrete
287	11.5—Length of curing 11.6—Preventing plastic shrinkage cracking 11.7—Curing after grinding 11.8—Protection of slab during construction 11.9—Temperature drawdown in cold storage and freezer rooms
288	11.10—Joint filling and sealing CHAPTER 12—QUALITY CONTROL CHECKLIST 12.1—Introduction 12.2—Partial list of important items to be observed
289	CHAPTER 13—CAUSES OF FLOOR AND SLAB SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS 13.1—Introduction
290	13.2—Random cracking
293	13.3—Low wear resistance 13.4—Dusting
294	13.5—Scaling
295	13.6—Popouts
296	13.7—Blisters and delamination
297	13.8—Spalling
298	13.9—Discoloration
299	13.10—Low spots and poor drainage 13.11—Slab edge curling
301	13.12—Evaluation of slab surface imperfections CHAPTER 14—REFERENCES
303	Authored documents
305	08–302.2R-06
306	CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1.1— Introduction 1.2—Flooring moisture issues 1.3—Concrete slabs that receive flooring materials 1.4—Changes in construction methods and materials that affect floor systems
307	1.5—Floor flatness changes with time
308	1.6—Other considerations
309	CHAPTER 2— CONCRETE MOISTURE BASICS 2.1— Introduction 2.2—Moisture movement 2.2.1 Drying of concrete slab-on-ground 2.2.2 Drying of suspended concrete slab
310	2.2.3 Drying of concrete slab-on-ground with water or water vapor below 2.3—Concrete drying profiles 2.3.1 Hanson (1968) 2.3.2 Abrams and Orals (1965) 2.3.3 Carrier et al. (1975)
311	2.3.4 Initial moisture profile 2.4—Effects of moisture movement 2.4.1 Slab curling
312	2.4.2 Joint bulging
313	2.4.3 Moisture movement effects on testing
314	2.5—Equilibrium moisture content 2.6—Drying and wetting of concrete 2.6.1 Adsorption and desorption effects
315	2.6.2 Effect of sorption hysteresis on testing 2.6.3 Rewetting of concrete
316	2.7—Moisture loss during drying CHAPTER 3— CONCRETE MOISTURE TESTING 3.1— Introduction 3.2—Standard guides and test methods
317	3.3—Qualitative and quantitative tests 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Plastic sheet test 3.3.3 Mat and primer tests
318	3.3.4 Moisture meters 3.3.5 Calcium chloride tests
319	3.3.6 Relative humidity test 3.4—Test parameters 3.4.1 Test frequency
320	3.4.2 Test location 3.4.3 Test environment
321	3.4.4 Surface preparation 3.4.5 Responsible testing party 3.4.6 Acceptance criteria
322	3.4.7 Using multiple test methods 3.4.8 Modified surface testing 3.4.9 Testing with no vapor retarder/barrier directly under concrete 3.5—Underlayment testing 3.6—Comments on moisture vapor emission rate tests
323	CHAPTER 4— CONCRETE pH TESTING 4.1— Introduction
324	4.2—Test methods 4.3—ASTM test differences 4.4—Factors affecting pH test results 4.4.1 Wetting time 4.4.2 Test kit components 4.4.3 Carbonation 4.4.4 Surface preparation
325	4.4.5 Adhesive water 4.4.6 Number of tests CHAPTER 5— FLOOR COVERING AND ADHESIVE MANUFACTURER’S RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1— Introduction 5.2—Manufacturer’s recommendations 5.2.1 Vapor retarder/barrier
326	5.2.2 Concrete materials and properties 5.2.3 Curing 5.2.4 Surface finish 5.2.5 Floor flatness 5.2.6 Moisture condition 5.2.7 pH 5.2.8 Surface preparation
327	5.2.9 Repairs 5.3—Dealing with multiple floor covering requirements CHAPTER 6— DRYING OF CONCRETE 6.1— Introduction
328	6.2—Concrete drying with no external source of moisture 6.3—Concrete drying: exposed to moisture from below
329	6.4—Concrete drying: exposed to moisture from above 6.5—Concrete drying from both sides
330	6.6—Effect of concrete-making materials 6.7—Effect of fresh and hardened concrete properties 6.8—Effect of thickness 6.9—Effect of curing
331	6.10—Drying of mature concrete 6.11—Effect of drying environment
332	6.12—Drying at exposed edge 6.13—Drying of lightweight concrete CHAPTER 7— VAPOR RETARDER/BARRIER 7.1— Introduction 7.1.1 Composition
333	7.1.2 Vapor retarders and vapor barriers 7.2—Vapor retarder/barrier location 7.2.1 Benefits of concrete placed on granular layer 7.2.2 Benefits of concrete placed directly on vapor retarder/barrier 7.2.3 Granular layer as water reservoir
334	7.2.4 ACI 302/360 Task Group recommendations on vapor retarder/barrier location 7.3—Vapor transmission through retarder/barrier 7.3.1 Perm rating 7.3.2 Water vapor transmission through punctures
336	7.3.3 Puncture resistance 7.3.4 Effectiveness of vapor retarder/barrier in reducing water vapor inflow 7.3.5 CHAPTER 8— FLOOR COVERING MATERIALS 8.1— Introduction
337	8.2—Communication between architect and engineer 8.3—Floor covering technical resources 8.4—Floor adhesives and coverings 8.4.1 Adhesives 8.4.2 Floor coverings
338	8.5—Effect of moisture in flooring adhesives 8.6—Effect of concrete moisture on adhesive performance
339	CHAPTER 9— DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION RECOMMENDATIONS 9.1— Introduction 9.2—Testing
340	9.3—Vapor retarder/barrier
341	9.4—Concrete materials 9.5—Concrete properties 9.5.1 Selecting a w/cm 9.6—Surface finish
342	9.6.1 Floor flatness 9.7—Curing 9.8—Surface preparation
343	9.9—Repairs 9.10—Protection 9.11—Moisture mitigation CHAPTER 10— REFERENCES 10.1— Referenced standards and reports
344	10.2—Cited references
345	APPENDIX— TWO CASE STUDIES OF MOISTURE-RELATED FLOORING PROBLEMS A.1— Value engineering results in flooring failure
346	A.2— Postconstruction trench drains results in flooring failure
347	09–303R-12
348	CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2— DEFINITIONS
349	CHAPTER 3— ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS 3.1—Architectural features 3.1.1 General acceptance criteria 3.1.2 Measurement 3.1.3 Variations in color and shading 3.1.4 Finishes 3.2—Architectural design 3.2.1 General criteria 3.2.2 Details of architectural design 3.2.2.1 Unchamfered corners
350	3.2.2.2 Chamfered corners 3.2.2.3 Joints 3.2.2.4 Soffits 3.2.2.5 Sloped surfaces
351	3.2.3 Combination with precast concrete 3.3—Coatings and sealers 3.3.1 Purpose
352	3.4—Joint sealants 3.5—Specifications 3.5.1 General 3.5.2 Design reference sample 3.5.3 Mandatory prebid conference 3.5.4 Preconstruction mockup
353	3.5.5 Shop drawings 3.5.6 Inspection and quality control 3.5.6.1 General 3.5.6.2 Qualification of the inspector 3.5.6.3 Duties of the inspector 3.5.6.4 Final acceptance CHAPTER 4— STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
354	4.1—Spalling 4.2—Deflections 4.3—Cracking 4.4—Joints 4.5—Beams and slabs
355	4.6—Columns 4.7—Walls
356	CHAPTER 5— FORMS 5.1—General 5.2—Materials
357	5.2.1 Lumber 5.2.2 Plywood 5.2.3 Metals
358	5.2.4 Plastics 5.2.5 Plaster waste molds 5.3—Economics 5.4—Formwork accuracy
359	5.4.1 Bracing and walers 5.4.2 Tolerances 5.5—Form joints 5.5.1 Prevention of leakage 5.5.2 Fins 5.6—Textures and patterns 5.6.1 Form marks
360	5.6.2 Form liners 5.7—Formwork accessories 5.7.1 Ties
361	5.7.2 Tie removal 5.8—Form coatings and sealers 5.8.1 Function
362	5.8.2 Types of coatings and sealers 5.8.2.1 Mill-sealed form panels 5.8.2.2 Field-applied coatings 5.9—Form release agents 5.9.1 General 5.9.2 Selection 5.9.3 Types of release agents
363	5.9.4 Influence of form materials 5.9.5 Site storage 5.9.6 Application of release agents
364	5.10—Form removal 5.10.1 General 5.10.2 Protection of concrete 5.10.3 Procedures for form removal 5.10.4 Protection and care of forms CHAPTER 6— REINFORCEMENT 6.1—General
365	6.2—Clear space 6.2.1 Clear spacing between bars 6.3—Reinforcement supports and spacers 6.4—Tie wire 6.5—Zinc-coated (galvanized) steel reinforcement
366	6.6—Epoxy-coated reinforcing bars CHAPTER 7— CONCRETE MATERIALS AND MIXTURE PROPORTIONING 7.1—General 7.2—Materials 7.2.1 Portland cements and special cements 7.2.2 Aggregates
367	7.2.3 Admixtures 7.2.3.1 Air-entraining agents 7.2.3.2 Accelerating admixtures 7.2.3.3 Water-reducing and set-retarding admixtures 7.2.3.4 Pozzolans and slag 7.2.4 Pigments and color admixtures 7.2.5 Water
368	7.3—Proportioning, mixing, and temperature control 7.3.1 Temperature CHAPTER 8— PLACING AND CONSOLIDATION 8.1—Conveying and placing 8.1.1 General 8.1.2 Conveying 8.1.3 Depositing in the form 8.2—Consolidation 8.2.1 General 8.2.2 Internal (immersion) vibration
369	8.2.3 Form vibration 8.2.4 Revibration 8.2.5 Spading CHAPTER 9— CURING 9.1—General
370	9.2—Curing in forms 9.3—Moist curing 9.4—Membrane curing 9.5—Hot weather curing CHAPTER 10— TREATED ARCHITECTURAL SURFACES 10.1—Surface retarders 10.2—High-pressure water jet 10.3—Acid wash
371	10.4—Abrasive blasting 10.5—Tooling or other mechanical treatments
372	10.5.1 Bush-hammering 10.5.2 Grinding 10.5.3 Manual treatment CHAPTER 11— FINISHING AND FINAL CLEANUP 11.1—General 11.2—Tie holes 11.3—Blemish repair
373	11.4—Stain removal 11.5—Sealers and coatings CHAPTER 12— REFERENCES
374	12.2—Cited references
375	APPENDIX A— ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE PHOTOS
379	10–304R-00(09)
380	CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION 1.1— Scope 1.2—Objective
381	1.3—Other considerations CHAPTER 2— CONTROL, HANDLING, AND STORAGE OF MATERIALS 2.1— General considerations 2.2—Aggregates 2.2.1 Coarse aggregate 2.2.1.1 Sizes 2.2.1.2 Control of undersized material 2.2.2 Fine aggregate (sand)
383	2.2.3 Storage 2.2.4 Moisture control 2.2.5 Samples for test 2.3—Cement
384	2.4—Ground slag and pozzolans 2.5—Admixtures 2.6—Water and ice 2.7—Fiber reinforcement CHAPTER 3— MEASUREMENT AND BATCHING 3.1— General requirements 3.1.1 Objectives 3.1.2 Tolerances
385	3.2—Bins and weigh batchers 3.3—Plant type 3.3.1 Manual weigh batching 3.3.2 Partially automatic weigh batching 3.3.3 Semiautomatic weigh batching 3.3.4 Automatic weigh batching 3.3.4.1 Cumulative automatic weigh batching 3.3.4.2 Individual automatic weigh batching 3.3.5 Volumetric batching
387	3.4—Cementitious materials 3.4.1 Batching 3.4.2 Discharging 3.5—Water and ice measurement 3.5.1 Batching equipment 3.5.2 Aggregate moisture determination and compensation 3.5.3 Total mixing water 3.6—Measurement of admixtures
388	3.7—Measurement of materials for small jobs 3.8—Other considerations CHAPTER 4— MIXING AND TRANSPORTING 4.1— General requirements 4.2—Mixing equipment 4.2.1 Tilting drum mixer 4.2.2 Nontilting drum mixer 4.2.3 Vertical shaft mixer 4.2.4 Pugmill mixers 4.2.5 Truck mixers 4.2.6 Continuous mixing equipment
389	4.2.7 Separate paste mixing 4.3—Central-mixed concrete 4.4—Truck-mixed concrete 4.5—Charging and mixing 4.5.1 Central mixing 4.5.2 Truck mixing
390	4.5.3 Water 4.5.3.1 Mixing water 4.5.3.2 Addition of water on the job 4.5.3.3 Wash water 4.6—Mixture temperature
391	4.7—Discharging 4.8—Mixer performance 4.9—Maintenance 4.10—General considerations for transporting concrete 4.10.1 General 4.10.2 Revolving drum 4.10.3 Truck body with and without an agitator 4.10.4 Concrete buckets on trucks or railroad cars
392	4.10.5 Other methods 4.11—Returned concrete 4.11.1 Admixtures 4.11.2 Mechanical methods CHAPTER 5— PLACING CONCRETE 5.1— General considerations 5.2—Planning
396	5.3—Reinforcement and embedded items 5.4—Placing 5.4.1 Precautions 5.4.2 Equipment 5.4.2.1 Buckets and hoppers 5.4.2.2 Manual or motor-propelled buggies 5.4.2.3 Chutes and drop chutes
397	5.4.2.4 Paving equipment 5.4.2.5 Slipforming 5.5—Consolidation 5.6—Mass concreting CHAPTER 6— FORMS, JOINT PREPARATION, AND FINISHING 6.1— Forms
399	6.2—Joint preparation 6.3—Finishing unformed surfaces
400	CHAPTER 7— PREPLACED-AGGREGATE CONCRETE 7.1—General considerations 7.2—Materials 7.2.1 Cement 7.2.2 Coarse aggregate 7.2.3 Fine aggregate 7.2.4 Pozzolan 7.2.5 Admixtures 7.2.5.1 Grout fluidifier 7.2.5.2 Calcium chloride
401	7.3—Grout proportioning 7.3.1 Cementitious materials 7.3.2 Fine aggregate 7.3.3 Proportioning requirements 7.3.4 Consistency of grout 7.4—Temperature control 7.5—Forms 7.6—Grout pipe systems 7.6.1 Delivery pipes 7.6.2 Grout insertion pipes
402	7.6.3 Vent pipes 7.7—Coarse aggregate placement 7.7.1 Preparation for placement 7.7.2 Aggregate placement 7.7.3 Contamination 7.8—Grout mixing and pumping 7.8.1 Mixers 7.8.2 Pumps 7.8.3 Grout injection
403	7.8.4 Grout surface determination 7.9—Joint construction 7.9.1 Cold joints 7.9.2 Construction joints 7.10—Finishing 7.11—Quality control CHAPTER 8— CONCRETE PLACED UNDER WATER 8.1— General considerations
404	8.1.1 Scope 8.1.2 Methods available 8.1.3 Basic technique 8.2—Materials 8.2.1 General requirements 8.2.2 Aggregates 8.2.3 Admixtures 8.3—Mixture proportioning 8.3.1 Basic proportions 8.3.2 Final selection 8.4—Concrete production and testing 8.4.1 Production sampling and testing 8.4.2 Concrete temperature 8.5—Tremie equipment and placement procedure 8.5.1 Tremie pipes
405	8.5.2 Placement procedures 8.5.2.1 Pipe spacing 8.5.2.2 Starting placements 8.5.2.3 Placing 8.5.2.4 Horizontal distribution of concrete
406	8.5.3 Postplacement evaluation 8.6—Direct pumping 8.7—Concrete characteristics 8.8—Precautions 8.8.1 Inspection 8.8.2 Loss of seal 8.8.3 Go-devils 8.8.4 Laitance
407	8.8.5 Cracking 8.8.5.1 Cement content 8.8.5.2 Placement environment 8.8.5.3 Volume 8.8.5.4 Restraint 8.8.6 Detailing 8.8.7 Preplacement planning 8.8.8 Personnel 8.9—Special applications 8.9.1 Fabric forming 8.9.2 Diaphragm-wall construction
408	8.10—Antiwashout admixtures CHAPTER 9— PUMPING CONCRETE 9.1— General considerations 9.2—Pumping equipment 9.3—Pipeline and accessories 9.3.1 General
409	9.3.2 Pipeline components 9.4—Proportioning pumpable concrete 9.4.1 Basic considerations 9.4.2 Coarse aggregate 9.4.3 Fine aggregate 9.4.4 Combined normalweight aggregates 9.4.5 Water
410	9.4.6 Cementitious materials 9.4.7 Admixtures 9.5—Field practice 9.6—Field Control CHAPTER 10— CONVEYING CONCRETE 10.1— General considerations 10.2—Conveyor operation
411	10.3—Conveyor design 10.4—Types of concrete conveyors 10.4.1 Portable conveyors
412	10.4.2 Feeder conveyors 10.4.3 Spreading conveyors 10.4.3.1 Radial spreaders 10.4.3.2 Side-discharge conveyors 10.4.3.3 Conveyor combinations 10.5—Field practice
413	CHAPTER 11— HEAVYWEIGHT AND RADIATION- SHIELDING CONCRETE 11.1—General considerations 11.2—Materials 11.2.1 General 11.2.2 Aggregate 11.2.3 Proprietary premixed mortar 11.3—Concrete characteristics 11.3.1 Physical properties
414	11.3.2 Mixture proportioning 11.4—Mixing equipment 11.5—Formwork 11.6—Placement 11.6.1 Conventional method
415	11.6.2 Preplaced-aggregate method 11.7—Quality control 11.7.1 Samples and testing 11.7.2 Control tests
416	11.7.3 Inspection CHAPTER 12— LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURAL CONCRETE 12.1— General considerations 12.2—Measuring and batching 12.2.1 Free water and absorbed water 12.2.2 Unit-weight variations 12.2.3 Volume-weight batching of coarse aggregate
417	12.2.3.1 Calibrating the weighing hopper 12.2.4 Batching lightweight fine aggregate 12.3—Mixing 12.3.1 Charging mixers 12.3.1.1 Stationary mixers 12.3.1.2 Truck mixers 12.3.2 Mixer operation
418	12.4—Job controls CHAPTER 13— VOLUMETRIC-MEASURING AND CONTINUOUS- MIXING CONCRETE EQUIPMENT 13.1— General Considerations 13.2—Operations 13.3—Fresh concrete properties
419	CHAPTER 14— REFERENCES 14.1— Referenced standards and reports
420	14.2—Cited references
423	11–304.2R-96(08)
424	CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2— PUMPING EQUIPMENT 2.1—Piston pumps
425	2.2—Types of valves 2.2.1 Hydraulically powered valves 2.2.2 Ball-check concrete pumps
426	2.3—Trailer pumps 2.3.1 General 2.3.2 Small general purpose pumps 2.3.3 Medium duty pumps 2.3.4 Special application pumps 2.4— Truck- mounted concrete pumps 2.4.1 Separate engine drive 2.4.2 Truck engine-driven pumps 2.5— Placing booms
427	2.6—Specialized equipment 2.7— Safety
428	CHAPTER 3— PIPELINE AND ACCESSORIES 3.1— General description
429	3.2—System pressure capacity
430	3.3— Rigid placing line— Straight sections, bends, and elbows 3.4—System connection 3.4.1 Couplings 3.4.2 Gaskets 3.4.3 End configurations
431	3.5— Flexible system— Hose types and applications 3.6—Concrete placing system accessories 3.6.1 Valves 3.6.2 Reducers 3.6.3 Support brackets and restraints 3.6.4 System cleanout elements
432	CHAPTER 4— PROPORTIONING PUMPABLE CONCRETE 4.1— Basic considerations 4.2—Normal weight aggregate 4.2.1 Coarse normal weight aggregate
433	4.2.2 Fine normal weight aggregate
436	4.2.3 Combined normal weight aggregates 4.3—Lightweight aggregate concrete 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Increasing moisture content of lightweight aggregate 4.3.2.1 Coarse aggregate
437	4.3.2.2 Fine aggregate 4.3.2.3 High percentage saturation 4.3.2.4 Retention of moisture 4.3.3 Coarse lightweight aggregate 4.3.4 Fine lightweight aggregate
438	4.3.5 Combined lightweight aggregates 4.4— Water and slump 4.4.1 General
439	4.4.2 Water 4.4.3 Slump control 4.5— Cementitious materials 4.6— Admixtures 4.6.1 General
440	4.6.2 Normal and high-range water-reducing admixtures 4.6.3 Air-entraining admixtures
441	4.6.4 Mineral admixtures
442	4.7—Fiber reinforcement 4.8—Trial mixes 4.9—Testing for pumpability CHAPTER 5— FIELD PRACTICES 5.1— General 5.2—Pipeline concrete placement
443	5.3— Powered boom placement 5.3.1 Powered placing booms
445	5.3.2 Truck-mounted booms
446	5.3.3 Remote pedestal booms CHAPTER 6— FIELD CONTROL CHAPTER 7— REFERENCE 7.1— Recommended references 7.2—Cited references
447	7.3—Other references APPENDIX 1— METRIC (SI) SYSTEM ADAPTATION A1.1
449	12–304.4R-95(08)
450	CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION 1.1— General 1.2— History 1.3—Concrete conveyor development CHAPTER 2— DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 2.1— General requirements
451	2.2—Concrete ribbon parameters 2.2.1 Angle of surcharge 2.2.2 Minimum edge distance 2.2.3 Load cross section
452	2.3— Belt charging 2.4— Belt discharge 2.5—Belt conveyor design principles 2.5.1 Belt materials 2.5.2 Belt splicing 2.5.2.1 Mechanically fastened splice 2.5.2.2 Vulcanized splice 2.5.3 Belt training 2.5.4 Belt width
453	2.5.5 Theoretical capacity 2.5.6 Belt speed 2.5.7 Belt idlers and belt tension
454	2.5.8 Belt enclosures 2.6—Concrete mixture proportioning for conveying 2.7—Specifications
455	CHAPTER 3— TYPES OF CONVEYORS AND FUNCTIONS 3.1— General 3.2—Portable conveyors 3.3—Feeder conveyors
457	3.4—Spreading conveyors 3.4.1 Radial spreaders
459	3.4.2 Side discharge conveyors
460	3.5—Conveyor combinations 3.6—Special belt conveyors 3.7— Economics of conveyor placement
461	CHAPTER 4— FIELD PRACTICE 4.1—Selection of conveyors 4.2—Actual capacity 4.3—Conveyor charging
462	4.4—Discharge control 4.5— Maintenance 4.5.1 Belt tension adjustment 4.5.2 Belt wiper adjustment 4.5.3 Equipment cleanup CHAPTER 5— INSPECTION AND TESTING 5.1—Concrete inspection 5.2—Testing
463	CHAPTER 6— REFERENCES 6.1— Recommended reference 6.2—Cited references 6.3— Additional references
465	13–305R-10
466	CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1.1— Introduction 1.2—Scope CHAPTER 2— NOTATION AND DEFNITIONS 2.1—Notation
467	2.2—Definitions CHAPTER 3— POTENTIAL PROBLEMS AND PRACTICES 3.1— Potential problems in hot weather 3.2—Potential problems related to other factors 3.3—Practices for hot weather concreting CHAPTER 4— EFFECTS OF HOT WEATHER ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES 4.1— General
468	4.1.1 Effect on strength 4.1.2 Effect of proper curing 4.1.3 Effect of surface drying 4.1.4 Effect of evaporation
470	4.1.5 Effect of bleeding 4.2—Estimating evaporation rate 4.2.1 Precision of computed evaporation rate 4.2.2 Menzel equation using vapor pressure tables
471	4.2.3 Example of Menzel formula that uses vapor pressure tables 4.2.3.1 Example with SI units
472	4.2.3.2 Example with in.-lb units 4.2.4 Equations for saturation vapor pressure 4.3—Temperature of concrete
473	4.4—Ambient conditions
474	4.5—Water 4.5.1 Effect on slump 4.5.2 Effect on drying shrinkage 4.5.3 Effect on temperature of concrete
475	4.6—Cement 4.6.1 Effect of slow-setting cement
476	4.7—Supplementary cementitious materials 4.8—Chemical admixtures 4.8.1 Water-reducing and retarding admixtures 4.8.2 Flowing concrete 4.8.3 Extended slump
477	4.8.4 Mid-range water reducing admixtures 4.8.5 Extended set-control 4.8.6 Evaulation 4.9—Aggregates 4.10—Proportioning 4.10.1 Trial batches
478	4.10.1.1 Procedure A 4.10.1.2 Procedure B 4.10.1.3 Alternative to Procedures A or B CHAPTER 5— PRODUCTION AND DELIVERY 5.1— General 5.2—Temperature control of concrete 5.2.1 Aggregate cooling 5.2.2 Mixer drum color
479	5.2.3 Project plan 5.3—Batching and mixing 5.3.1 Slump control
480	5.3.2 Hydration control 5.3.3 Mixer control 5.4—Delivery 5.5—Slump adjustment 5.6—Properties of concrete mixtures 5.7—Retempering CHAPTER 6— PLACING AND CURING 6.1— General 6.1.1
481	6.1.2 6.2—Preparations for placing and curing 6.2.1 Planning hot weather placements 6.2.2 Preparing for ambient conditions 6.2.3 Expediting placement 6.2.4 Placing equipment 6.2.5 Consolidation equipment 6.2.6 Preparations for protecting and curing the concrete
482	6.2.7 Preparing incidental work 6.3—Placement and finishing 6.3.1 General 6.3.2 Placing formed concrete 6.3.3 Placement of flatwork 6.3.4 Plastic shrinkage cracks 6.4—Curing and protection 6.4.1 General
483	6.4.2 Moist curing of flatwork 6.4.3 Membrane curing of flatwork 6.4.4 Concrete in formwork CHAPTER 7— TESTING AND INSPECTION 7.1— Testing 7.1.1 Curing test specimens 7.1.2 Additional test specimens
484	7.2—Inspection 7.2.1 7.2.2 CHAPTER 8— REFERENCES 8.1— Referenced standards and reports
485	8.2—Cited references
486	APPENDIX A— ESTIMATING CONCRETE TEMPERATURE A1— Estimating temperature of freshly mixed concrete A2—Estimating temperature of concrete with ice
487	APPENDIX B— METHODS FOR COOLING FRESH CONCRETE B.1—Cooling with chilled mixing water B.2—Liquid nitrogen cooling of mixing water B.3—Cooling concrete with ice B.4—Cooling mixed concrete with liquid nitrogen B.4.1 B.4.2 B.5—Cooling of coarse aggregates B.5.1 B.5.2
489	14–305.1-14
490	SECTION 1—GENERAL 1.1—Scope 1.2––Definitions 1.3—Reference Standards 1.4—Submittals
491	1.5––Quality assurance, quality control, and acceptance of work SECTION 2—PRODUCTS 2.1—General SECTION 3—EXECUTION 3.1—General 3.2—Maximum temperature of fresh concrete at time of discharge 3.3—Qualification of concrete mixture
492	3.4—Concrete production and delivery 3.5—Concrete placement and finishing 3.6—Concrete bleed-water evaporation 3.7—Concrete curing 3.8—Concrete protection NOTES TO SPECIFIER General notes
493	Foreword to checklists
494	APPENDIX A––EXAMPLE OF UNO EQUATION USED TO DETERMINE SURFACE EVAPORATION RATE OF FRESH CONCRETE APPENDIX B––EXAMPLE OF NRMCA NOMOGRAPH FOR ESTIMATING SURFACE EVAPORATION RATE ON THE BASIS OF MENZEL FORMULA
497	15–306R-10
498	CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2— NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS 2.1— Notation 2.2—Definitions
499	CHAPTER 3— OBJECTIVES, PRINCIPLES, AND ECONOMY 3.1— Objectives 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.2—Principles
500	3.3—Economy CHAPTER 4— GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 4.1— Planning 4.2—Protection during unexpected freezing 4.3—Concrete temperature 4.4—Temperature records
501	4.5—Heated enclosures 4.6—Finishing air-entrained slabs 4.7—Concrete workability CHAPTER 5— TEMPERATURE OF CONCRETE AS MIXED AND PLACED, AND HEATING OF MATERIALS 5.1— Placement temperature
502	5.2—Mixing temperature 5.3—Heating mixing water 5.4—Heating aggregates 5.5—Steam heating of aggregates
503	5.6—Overheating of aggregates 5.7—Calculation of mixture temperature 5.8—Temperature loss during delivery CHAPTER 6— PREPARATION BEFORE CONCRETING
504	6.1—Preparation of surfaces in contact with fresh concrete 6.2—Massive metallic embedments 6.3—Subgrade condition CHAPTER 7— PROTECTION AGAINST FREEZING AND PROTECTION FOR CONCRETE NOT REQUIRING CONSTRUCTION SUPPORTS 7.1—Protection methods 7.2—Protection period
505	7.3—Protection for strength gain 7.4—Temperature drop after removal of protection 7.5—Allowable temperature differential during stripping CHAPTER 8— PROTECTION FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE REQUIRING CONSTRUCTION SUPPORTS 8.1— Introduction 8.2—Field-cured cylinders
506	8.3—In-place testing 8.4—Maturity testing
507	8.4.1 Example illustrating the maturity factor method 8.5—Attainment of design strength 8.6—Increasing early strength
508	8.7—Cooling of concrete 8.8—Estimating strength development
509	8.9—Removal of forms and supports 8.10—Specification recommendations 8.11—Estimating strength development— modeling of cold weather placements
510	CHAPTER 9— EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, AND METHODS OF TEMPERATURE PROTECTION 9.1— Introduction 9.2—Insulating materials 9.3—Selection of insulation when supplementary heat is not used
515	9.3.1 Example 9.4—Selection of insulation for use with hydronic heaters 9.5—Heaters 9.5.1 Introduction 9.5.2 Direct fired heaters 9.5.3 Indirect fired heaters 9.5.4 Hydronic heating systems
516	9.6—Enclosures 9.7—Internal heating 9.8—Temperature monitoring 9.9—Temporary removal of protection
517	9.10—Insulated forms CHAPTER 10— CURING REQUIREMENTS AND METHODS 10.1— Introduction 10.2—Curing during the protection period 10.3—Curing following the protection period CHAPTER 11— ACCELERATION OF SETTING AND STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT 11.1— Introduction
518	11.2—Accelerating admixtures 11.2.1 General 11.2.2 Calcium chloride 11.2.3 Accelerating admixtures containing CaCl2 11.2.4 Non-chloride accelerating admixtures
519	11.2.5 Non-chloride accelerating admixtures for use in sub-freezing ambient temperatures 11.2.6 Antifreeze admixtures 11.2.6.1 Background 11.2.6.2 Composition 11.2.6.3 Strength
520	11.2.6.4 Freezing and thawing resistance 11.2.6.5 Reactive aggregates 11.2.6.6 Corrosion 11.2.6.7 Batching 11.2.6.8 Cost benefits 11.2.7 Summary 11.3—Rapid-setting cements CHAPTER 12— REFERENCES 12.1— Referenced standards and reports
521	12.2—Cited references
523	16–306.1-90(02) FOREWORD F1. F2. F3. F4. PREFACE TO SPECIFICATION CHECKLIST P1. P2. P3. P4. P5. P6.
525	1 – GENERAL 1.1 – Scope 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.2. – Definitions 1.3 – Reference organizations 1.4 – Reference standards 1.4.1 ACI Standards 1.4.2 ASTM Standards
526	1.5 – Submittal of procedures 1.5.1 Detailed procedures 2 – MATERIALS 2.1 Scheduling protection materials 2.2 – Concrete 3 – EXECUTION 3.1 – Preparation before concreting 3.2 – Concrete temperature 3.2.1 Placement temperature 3.2.2 Protection temperature 3.2.3 Termination of protection 3.3 – Curing of concrete 3.4 – Protection of concrete 3.4.1 Combustion heaters 3.4.2 Overheating and drying 3.4.3 Maximum air temperature 3.4.4 Protection against freezing 3.4.5 Protection for structural safety 3.4.6 Protection deficiency APPENDIX – METRIC CONVERSIONS
527	17–308R-16
528	CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION 1.1—Introduction 1.2—Curing 1.3—Curing and hydration of portland cement
531	1.4—Deliberate curing procedures
536	1.5—Curing-affected zone
537	1.6—Concrete properties influenced by curing
538	1.7—Effects of elevated temperature
540	1.8—Sustainability
541	CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONS CHAPTER 3—CURING METHODS AND MATERIALS 3.1—Scope 3.2—Use of water for curing concrete 3.3—Initial curing methods
542	3.4—Final curing measures
546	3.5—Termination of curing measures 3.6—Cold-weather protection and curing
547	3.7—Hot-weather protection and curing 3.8—Accelerated curing 3.9—Minimum curing requirements
548	3.10—Temperature limits during curing
549	CHAPTER 4—CURING FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION 4.1—Pavements and other slabs on ground 4.2—Buildings, bridges, and other structures
550	4.3—Mass concrete
551	4.4—Curing colored concrete floors and slabs 4.5—Specialty constructions CHAPTER 5—MONITORING CURING AND CURING EFFECTIVENESS 5.1—General 5.2—Evaluating environmental conditions
554	5.3—Means to verify application of curing 5.4—Impact of curing procedures on immediate environment
555	5.5—Impact of curing procedures on moisture and temperature within concrete 5.6—Maturity method 5.7—Assessing curing effectiveness
556	CHAPTER 6—REFERENCES
557	Authored references
563	18–308.1-11 FOREWORD TO CHECKLISTS
564	NOTES TO SPECIFIER Preface Mandatory requirements checklist
565	MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST OPTIONAL REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST SUBMITTALS CHECKLIST
566	SUBMITTALS CHECKLIST (cont.) CONTENTS PART 1— GENERAL 1.1— Scope 1.1.1 Work specified 1.1.2 Exclusions 1.1.3 Units 1.2—Reference standards
567	1.3—Definitions 1.4—Submittals 1.4.1 Curing materials 1.4.1.1 Fogging equipment 1.4.1.2 Sheet material 1.4.1.3 Liquid membrane-forming curing compound 1.4.1.4 Water 1.4.1.5 Dike material 1.4.1.6 Absorbent materials 1.4.1.7 Watering equipment 1.4.1.8 Insulation materials 1.4.1.9 Heating equipment 1.4.1.10 Evaporation retardant 1.4.2 Curing procedures 1.5—Quality assurance 1.5.1 General 1.5.2 Testing agencies 1.5.3 Support PART 2— PRODUCTS 2.1— Physical protection 2.1.1 Liquid membrane-forming curing compound
568	2.1.2 Evaporation retardants 2.1.3 Sheet material 2.1.4 Temperature protection 2.1.5 Wind protection 2.2—Water application 2.2.1 Ponding 2.2.2 Sprinkling systems 2.2.3 Fogging systems 2.2.4 Absorbent materials 2.2.4.1 2.2.4.2 PART 3— EXECUTION 3.1— Initial curing 3.1.1 Fogging 3.1.2 Evaporation retardant 3.2—Final curing 3.2.1 Sheet material 3.2.1.1 3.2.1.2 3.2.2 Liquid membrane-forming curing compounds 3.2.2.1 3.2.2.2 3.2.3 Ponding 3.2.3.1 3.2.3.2 3.2.4 Sprinkling 3.2.4.1 3.2.4.2 3.2.5 Fogging
569	3.2.6 Absorbent material 3.3—Termination of curing 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.2.1 General testing requirements 3.3.2.1.1 Nondestructive test method 3.3.2.1.2 Molded cylinder method 3.3.2.1.3 Maturity method 3.4—Protection from mechanical injury 3.5—Cold weather curing 3.5.1 General 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5 3.5.6 3.6—Hot weather curing 3.6.1 General 3.6.2 Final curing
571	19–309R-05
572	CHAPTER 1— GENERAL
573	CHAPTER 2— EFFECT OF MIXTURE PROPORTIONS ON CONSOLIDATION 2.1—Mixture proportions 2.2—Workability and consistency
574	2.3—Workability requirements CHAPTER 3— METHODS OF CONSOLIDATION 3.1—Manual methods
575	3.2—Mechanical methods 3.3—Methods used in combination CHAPTER 4— CONSOLIDATION OF CONCRETE BY VIBRATION 4.1—Vibratory motion 4.2—Process of consolidation
576	CHAPTER 5— EQUIPMENT FOR VIBRATION 5.1—Internal vibrators 5.1.1 Flexible-shaft type
577	5.1.2 Electric motor-in-head type
578	5.1.3 Pneumatic vibrators 5.1.4 Hydraulic vibrators 5.1.5 Selecting an internal vibrator for the job
579	5.1.6 Special shapes of vibrator heads 5.1.7 Data to be supplied by manufacturer
580	5.2—Form vibrators 5.2.1 General description 5.2.2 Types of form vibrators 5.2.2.1 Rotary 5.2.2.2 Reciprocating 5.2.2.3 Other types 5.2.3 Selecting external vibrators for vertical forms
581	5.3—Vibrating tables
582	5.4—Surface vibrators 5.5—Vibrator maintenance
583	5.5.1 Preventive maintenance program CHAPTER 6— FORMS 6.1—General 6.2—Sloping surfaces 6.3—Surface blemishes 6.4—Form tightness
584	6.5—Forms for external vibration 6.5.1 General 6.5.2 Forming material 6.5.3 Design and construction
585	CHAPTER 7— RECOMMENDED VIBRATION PRACTICES FOR GENERAL CONSTRUCTION 7.1—General 7.2—Procedure for internal vibration
586	7.3—Adequacy of internal vibration 7.4—Vibration of reinforcement 7.5—Revibration
587	7.6—Form vibration 7.7—Consequences of improper vibration 7.7.1 Honeycomb
588	7.7.2 Excessive entrapped-air voids 7.7.3 Sand streaking
589	7.7.4 Placement lines 7.7.5 Cold joints 7.7.6 Subsidence cracking 7.7.7 7.7.8 CHAPTER 8— STRUCTURAL CONCRETE 8.1— Design and detailing prerequisites
590	8.2—Mixture requirements 8.3—Internal vibration 8.4—Form vibration 8.5—Tunnel linings CHAPTER 9— MASS CONCRETE
591	9.1—Mixture requirements 9.2—Vibration equipment 9.3—Forms 9.4—Vibration practices
592	9.5—Roller-compacted concrete CHAPTER 10— NORMAL-DENSITY CONCRETE FLOOR SLABS 10.1—Mixture requirements
593	10.2—Equipment 10.3—Structural slabs 10.4—Slabs on ground 10.4.1 Internal vibration 10.4.2 Surface vibration 10.5—Heavy-duty industrial floors 10.6—Vacuum dewatering
594	CHAPTER 11— PAVEMENTS 11.1— General 11.2—Mixture requirements 11.3—Equipment 11.3.1 Selection of equipment 11.3.2 General requirements 11.3.3 Internal vibrators
595	11.3.4 Surface vibrators 11.4—Vibration procedures 11.4.1 Internal vibrations using gang-mounted vibrators
596	11.4.2 Surface vibration 11.4.2.1 11.4.2.2 11.4.3 Manual vibration 11.5—Special precautions
597	CHAPTER 12— PRECAST PRODUCTS 12.1— General 12.2—Mixture requirements 12.3—Forming material 12.4—Choice of consolidation method
598	12.5—Placing methods CHAPTER 13— STRUCTURAL LOW- DENSITY CONCRETE 13.1— General 13.2—Mixture requirements 13.3—Behavior of structural low-density concrete during vibration 13.4—Consolidation equipment and procedures 13.5—Floors
599	CHAPTER 14— HIGH-DENSITY CONCRETE 14.1— General 14.2—Mixture requirements 14.3—Placing techniques 14.3.1 Conventional placing techniques 14.3.2 Special placing techniques CHAPTER 15— SELF-CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE 15.1—General CHAPTER 16— QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 16.1—General
600	16.2—Adequacy equipment and procedures 16.3—Checking equipment performance 16.3.1 Frequency of internal vibrators 16.3.2 Amplitude of internal vibrators
601	16.3.3 Frequency and amplitude for external vibration CHAPTER 17— CONSOLIDATION OF TEST SPECIMENS 17.1— Strength
602	17.2—Density 17.3—Air content 17.4—Consolidating very stiff concrete in laboratory specimens CHAPTER 18— CONSOLIDATION IN CONGESTED AREAS 18.1—Common placing problems 18.1.1 Congestion of reinforcement 18.1.2 Electrical conduit, pipe sleeves, and otherembedded items 18.1.3 Boxouts 18.2—Consolidation techniques 18.2.1 Placing and consolidation techniques
603	18.2.2 Use of chemical admixtures 18.2.3 Use of modified mixtures 18.2.4 Conclusion CHAPTER 19— REFERENCES 19.1— Referenced standards and reports
604	19.2—Cited references
605	APPENDIX— FUNDAMENTALS OF VIBRATION A.1— Principles of simple harmonic motion A.2—Action of a rotary vibrator A.3—Vibratory motion in the concrete
607	20–347R-14
608	CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1.1—Introduction 1.2—Scope CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS 2.1—Notation 2.2—Definitions
609	CHAPTER 3—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 3.1—Achieving economy in formwork
610	3.2—Contract documents
611	CHAPTER 4—DESIGN 4.1—General
612	4.2—Loads
615	4.3—Member capacities 4.4—Safety factors for accessories
616	4.5—Shores 4.6—Bracing and lacing 4.7—Foundations for formwork 4.8—Settlement CHAPTER 5—CONSTRUCTION 5.1—Safety precautions
618	5.2—Construction practices and workmanship
619	5.3—Tolerances
620	5.4—Irregularities in formed surfaces 5.5—Shoring and centering 5.6—Inspection and adjustment of formwork
621	5.7—Removal of forms and supports
623	5.8—Shoring and reshoring of multistory structures
624	CHAPTER 6—MATERIALS 6.1—General
625	6.2—Properties of materials 6.3—Accessories
627	6.4—Form coatings and release agents CHAPTER 7—ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE 7.1—Introduction 7.2—Role of architect
629	7.3—Materials and accessories 7.4—Design
630	7.5—Construction
631	7.6—Form removal CHAPTER 8—SPECIAL STRUCTURES 8.1—Discussion 8.2—Bridges and viaducts, including high piers 8.3—Structures designed for composite action
632	8.4—Folded plates, thin shells, and long-span roof structures
633	8.5—Mass concrete structures
634	8.6—Underground structures
635	CHAPTER 9—SPECIAL METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION 9.1—Preplaced-aggregate concrete 9.2—Slipforms
637	9.3—Permanent forms
638	9.4—Forms for prestressed concrete construction 9.5—Forms for site precasting
639	9.6—Use of precast concrete for forms 9.7—Forms for concrete placed under water
640	CHAPTER 10—REFERENCES
641	Authored references
643	21–347.3R-13
644	CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONS CHAPTER 3—FORMED CONCRETE SURFACE DESCRIPTIONS 3.1—General
647	3.2—Examples and determination of surface void ratio
649	CHAPTER 4—BASICS OF LAYOUT AND DESIGN 4.1—General 4.2—Design and construction recommendations
650	4.3—Planning and detailing
651	4.4—Formwork and facing selection
653	4.5—Premanufactured panelized formwork 4.6—Job-built formwork
656	4.7—Design with form liners 4.8—Post-construction treated concrete surfaces CHAPTER 5—SPECIFICATIONS 5.1—General description 5.2—Design features 5.3—Surface finish limitations
657	CHAPTER 6—CONSTRUCTION 6.1—Formwork 6.2—Reinforcement and inserts 6.3—Concrete mixture
658	6.4—Concrete placement 6.5—Concrete surface team CHAPTER 7—EVALUATION OF FORMED CONCRETE SURFACES 7.1—Basics 7.2—Overall impression 7.3—Procedure in case of deviations
659	CHAPTER 8—REFERENCES Authored references
661	22–423.7-14
662	1—SCOPE 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2—DEFINITIONS 2.1
663	3—REFERENCED STANDARDS 3.1—American Concrete Institute 3.2—ASTM International 3.3—International Organization for Standardization 3.4—Federal Test Method Standard 4—ORDERING INFORMATION 4.1
664	5—MATERIALS 5.1—Prestressing steel 5.2—Post-tensioning (PT) coating 5.3—Sheathing 5.4—Anchorages and couplers 5.5—Connecting components 5.6—Tape 6—MANUFACTURE 6.1—Minimum quantity of post-tensioning (PT) coating 6.2—Manufacturing processes 6.3—Sheathing coverage
665	6.4—Nonencapsulated systems 6.5—Encapsulated systems 7—MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 7.1—Prestressing steel 7.2—Post-tensioning (PT) coating 8—DIMENSIONS, DENSITY, AND PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS 8.1—Prestressing steel 8.2—Sheathing 8.3—Anchorages
666	8.4—Connecting components
667	9—ANCHORAGE ASSEMBLY TESTING 9.1—Validation 9.2—Components 9.3—Encapsulated systems 9.4—Static test 9.5—Fatigue test 9.6—Hydrostatic test 10—TESTING SERVICES 10.1—Prestressing steel 10.2—Anchorage assembly 11—CERTIFICATION 11.1
668	12—PACKAGING AND IDENTIFICATION 12.1—Bundling and banding 12.2—Identification of components 13—HANDLING, STORAGE, AND SHIPPING 13.1—Handling 13.2—Storage before shipping 13.3—Shipping 13.4—Protection from moisture 14—INSTALLATION DRAWINGS
669	23–ITG-7-09 CONTENTS
670	SECTION 1— GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 1.1—Scope 1.1.1 Work specified 1.1.2 Work not specified 1.1.3 Units 1.2—Requirements 1.2.1 Accumulation of tolerances 1.2.2 Sign definition 1.2.3 Exceeding tolerances 1.3—Definitions
672	1.4—Referenced standards
673	SECTION 2— STRUCTURAL PRODUCT TOLERANCES 2.1— Scope 2.2—Tolerances
689	SECTION 3— STRUCTURAL PRODUCT ERECTION TOLERANCES 3.1— Scope 3.2—Tolerances
697	SECTION 4— NONSTRUCTURAL ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCT TOLERANCES 4.1— Scope 4.2—Tolerances
703	SECTION 5— NONSTRUCTURAL ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCT ERECTION TOLERANCES 5.1— Scope 5.2—Tolerances
705	NOTES TO SPECIFIER General notes FOREWORD TO CHECKLISTS MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST OPTIONAL REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST

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ACI	2016	708


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Standard Title	MNL-15(16) Field Reference Manual (Formerly SP-15)
Published Code	ACI
Publication Date	2016
Pages Count	708

ACI MNL 15 16:2016 Edition

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