ASHRAE Laboratory Design Guide is a comprehensive reference manual for the planning, design, and operation of laboratories. It gives engineers, owners, and system operators the design and control strategies they need to reduce the laboratory’s energy footprint while ensuring safety, providing good comfort and indoor air quality, and protecting the integrity of laboratory experiments. The Guide is organized around a typical project, progressing through the basic steps of planning, design, construction, and operation and maintenance. It offers basic background information on laboratories, including their various types and the typical equipment found in them, to provide a basic understanding of laboratories and their importance as well as their different functions and needs. The book covers topics such as exhaust hoods, primary air systems, process cooling, air treatment, exhaust stack design, airflow patterns and system balancing, energy recovery, the laboratory commissioning process, and the economics of both initial and life-cycle costs. A dedicated chapter gives guidance on laboratories that specialize in biological containment and animal research, addressing envelope design, system reliability, redundancy, proper space pressurization, biohazard containment and control, product protection, and sanitation. Updated to reflect current standards and industry practices, this second edition also adds two new chapters: one on high-performance building design concepts for sustainability and one with guidelines on evaluating airflow patterns and contaminant concentrations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) computer modeling. Finally, included with this Guide are expanded web links to industry standards and resources as well as design tools that help illustrate the features of laboratories and provide practical aids for design. Keywords: laboratory, laboratories, laboratory hvac, fume hood, biological safety cabinet, biological containment, animal research

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
6	Contents
10	Preface
12	Acknowledgments
14	Abbreviations and Acronyms
16	1 – Introduction Overview Organization
18	Reference Sources Professional Associations and Societies
23	Research Institutions
24	Government Offices and Regulators
25	Design Forums and Publications
27	Related ASHRAE Technical Committees (TCs) References
28	2 – Background Overview Laboratory Types Biological Laboratories
29	Chemical Laboratories
30	Physical Laboratories Support Spaces Laboratory Equipment
31	Fume Hoods Biological Safety Cabinets Flammable and Solvent Storage Cabinets References
32	3 – Design Process Overview
33	Design Requirements
34	Code Compliance and Industry Standards Risk Assessment IAQ Requirements System Sizing
35	Table 3-1 Sample Format for Documenting Airflow Requirements
36	Figure 3-1 Laboratory Equipment Loads
37	Table 3-2 Basis of Design Documentation
38	Figure 3-2 Pressure- Mapping Process
39	System Selection
40	Vibration, Acoustical, and Seismic Requirements Air Treatment Stack Design Criteria
41	Energy Recovery Options Control Strategies TAB and Certification Requirements
42	O&M Requirements Commissioning Integration Economic Evaluation Special Requirements for Microbiological and Biomedical laboratories
43	Assessing Ventilation Effectiveness Sustainability Goals and Strategies References
44	4 – Laboratory Planning Overview Risk Assessment
45	Environmental Requirements Temperature Humidity
46	Air Quality Vibration Appliances and Occupancy Appliance Loads Lighting
47	Occupants Pressure Relationships Figure 4-1 Pressure Relationship Terminology Negative Pressure Room
48	Positive Pressure Room Neutral Pressure Room Anteroom Transfer Air Ventilation and IAQ Supply Air/Exhaust Air Treatment Requirements
49	Laboratory Codes, Standards, and References Integration of Architecture and Engineered Systems Building Concept
50	Table 4-1 Summary of Codes, Standards, and References Pertaining to Laboratories
51	Utility Distribution
52	Laboratory Layout Approaches
53	Specific Layout Issues
54	Development of Planning Documents References
56	5 – Exhaust Hoods Overview
57	Defining Exhaust Hoods Types of Exhaust Hoods Chemical Fume Hoods
58	Figure 5-1 Typical Components of a Fume Hood
60	Figure 5-2 Typical Sash Configurations
61	Biological Safety Cabinets
62	Figure 5-3 Class I BSC
63	Figure 5-4 Class II Type A1 BSC
64	Figure 5-5 Class II Type A2 BSC
65	Figure 5-6 Thimble Connection for Class II Type A1 and A2 BSCs
66	Figure 5-7 Class II Type B1 BSC
67	Figure 5-8 Class II Type B2 BSC Other Hood Types
68	Figure 5-9 Class III BSC
69	Figure 5-10 Slot Hood
70	Figure 5-11 Canopy Hood Figure 5-12 Snorkel
71	Selection of Exhaust Hoods
72	Figure 5-13 Exhaust Hood Selection Matrix
73	Constant Volume versus Variable Air Volume
74	Energy Efficiency
75	Hood Performance Verification and Continuous Monitoring ASHRAE Standard 110 ANSI/AIHA/ASSE Z9.5
78	Other Sources of Information
79	References
80	6 – Primary Air Systems Overview
81	Zone Air Distribution Room Air Velocities Relative Device Locations
82	Device Types
83	Figure 6-1 Generic Air Jet Characteristics
84	Figure 6-2 Nondirectional versus Laminar Flow Figure 6-3 Perforated Supply Systems
85	Figure 6-4 Sectional View Figure 6-5 Plan View Table 6-1 T50/L Ranges
86	Figure 6-6 Layout of Laboratory and Diffuser Selection Figure 6-7 Misapplication of Diffuser Layout
87	Off-Peak Loads and Balancing Zone Heating
88	Baseboard Heating Figure 6-8 Zone Heating Options
89	Radiant Panel Heating Supply Air Heating Exhaust Air System
90	Figure 6-9 Typical Laboratory Module Figure 6-10 Air Systems in a Typical Laboratory
91	Determine Type of Exhaust System
92	Figure 6-11 Constant-Volume Laboratory Ventilation Control Figure 6-12 Generic Airflow Controller
93	Figure 6-13 VAV Laboratory Ventilation Control Determine Separation of Exhaust System
94	Accomplish Duct Layout and Design
95	Figure 6-14 Dedicated Exhaust Systems—Single-Story Building
96	Figure 6-15 Dedicated Exhaust Systems—Multistory Building
97	Figure 6-16 Manifolded Exhaust System—Pressure Dependent Figure 6-17 Manifolded Exhaust System—Pressure Independent
98	Figure 6-18 Manifolded Exhaust System—Single-Story Building Figure 6-19 Manifolded Exhaust System—Multistory Building
99	Accomplish Fume Exhaust Stack Design Select Fume Exhaust Fans
100	Figure 6-20 Exhaust Fan Pressure Relationships Figure 6-21 Centrifugal Fan Isometric
101	Table 6-2 Centrifugal Fan Type Application
102	Figure 6-22 Centrifugal Fan Performance Characteristics Figure 6-23 Direct-Drive In-Line Bifurcated Mixed-Flow Fan
103	Figure 6-24 Mixed-Flow Fan Performance Figure 6-25 Fan-Powered Venturi for Perchloric Acid Fume Hoods
104	Figure 6-26 Centrifugal Induced Draft Dilution Fan Figure 6-27 In-Line Mixed-Flow Induced Draft Dilution Fan
107	Figure 6-28 Typical VAV Exhaust Control Components Figure 6-29 Laboratory Exhaust Fan Bypass Air Plenum
108	Figure 6-30 Isolation and Bypass Dampers
110	Supply Air System Verify Supply Air Quantity Table 6-3 Exhaust and Supply Air Systems
111	Select Specific System Type
112	Figure 6-31 Constant-Volume Terminal Reheat System Figure 6-32 Central Triple-Deck Multizone AHU Figure 6-33 Multizone Constant-Volume System
113	Figure 6-34 Typical Laboratory VAV System
114	Figure 6-35 Single-Duct VAV System
115	Figure 6-36 Typical Dual-Duct VAV System Figure 6-37 Typical Unitary System Layout
117	Figure 6-38 Active Beam Figure 6-39 Passive Beam
118	Evaluate Need for Auxiliary Air Supply Table 6-4 Auxiliary Air Heating Options
119	Figure 6-40 Auxiliary Air Impact on Space Conditions Select Air-Handling Unit
120	Figure 6-41 Typical AHU
121	Table 6-5 Laboratory Filtration Options
122	Figure 6-42 Plenum Fan Array Determine Control Strategy
123	Duct Construction General Parameters
127	Table 6-6 SMACNA Duct Sealing Classes Table 6-7 Applicable Leakage Rates
128	Table 6-8 Leakage as a Percentage of Airflow
129	Figure 6-43 Duct Leakage Testing Apparatus
131	Table 6-9 Chemical-Resistant Properties and Flame Ratings
132	Table 6-10 Exhaust Duct Velocities Energy Efficiency
133	Fan System Efficiency Table 6-11 Potential for Fan Energy Savings in Traditional Laboratory Designs Airflow
134	System Pressure Drop Air Recirculation
135	Heat Recovery
136	Reduced Room Ventilation Rates
137	References
139	Bibliography
140	7 – Process Cooling Overview Types of Water-Cooled Loads Lasers
141	Centrifuges Vacuum and Diffusion Pumps Other Water Treatment and Quality Requirements
142	Temperature and Pressure Requirements System Pumping Configurations System Basics
143	Pumping Subsystems
144	Systems Design Procedure References
146	8 – Air Treatment Overview Requirements for Acceptable and Safe Levels of Pollutants Allowable Concentration Limits
148	Table 8-1 Estimated Emission Rates and Health Thresholds for Selected Chemicals
149	Consequences of Exposure to Excessive Concentrations Air Treatment Technologies Fan-Powered Dilution Filtration
151	Figure 8-1 Typical Fibrous Media Unit Filters Scrubbing
152	Figure 8-2 Typical Filter Housing
153	Condensing
154	Oxidation References
155	Bibliography
156	9 – Exhaust Stack Design Overview Elements of Stack Design Stack Design Parameters
157	Figure 9-1 Plume Rise
158	Table 9-1 Terrain Factors
159	Figure 9-2 Stack Downwash
160	Figure 9-3 Wind Calculation from Meteorological Station to the Point of Interest
161	Airflow Around Buildings Figure 9-4 Flow Patterns around Rectangular Buildings
164	Figure 9-5 Adjacent Building Effect on Stack Plume
165	Figure 9-6 Exhaust Plume Impacting the Side Wall of a Neighboring Downwind Taller Building Figure 9-7 Exhaust Plume Caught in the Wake of a Neighboring Upwind Taller Building Design Issues
167	Figure 9-8 Best, Good, and Poor Exhaust Stack Design
168	Causes of Problems
169	Figure 9-9 Turbulent and Recirculating Zones on a Building Figure 9-10 Flow Patterns around Two Buildings
170	Dispersion Modeling Emissions Characterization
171	Dispersion Models
174	References
175	Bibliography
176	10 – Energy Recovery Overview Air-to-Air Energy Recovery
177	Sensible Energy Recovery Equipment
178	Figure 10-1 Runaround Loop Recovery System
179	Figure 10-2 Heat Pipe Recovery System Figure 10-3 Heat Pipe Operation Figure 10-4 Heat Wheel Recovery System
180	Figure 10-5 Fixed-Plate Heat Exchanger Recovery System
181	Figure 10-6 Sealed-Tube Thermosiphon Recovery System Enthalpic Energy Recovery Processes
182	Figure 10-7 Coil Loop Thermosiphon Recovery System
183	Figure 10-8 Reverse-Flow Plate Exchanger Recovery System Water-to-Air Energy Recovery Refrigeration Machine Energy Recovery
184	Figure 10-9 Psychrometrics of Evaporative Cooling Condenser Water Energy Recovery
185	Figure 10-10 Dual- Condenser System Figure 10-11 Double-Bundle and Dual- Condenser System Arrangement Hot-Water Waste Energy Recovery Selection Parameters
186	Table 10-1 Comparison of Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Devices
187	Laboratory Requirements Climate Exhaust and Supply Locations Economics References
188	11 – Controls Overview
189	Constant-Volume versus Variable-Air-Volume Fume Hood Control Air Control Devices
191	Airflow Measurement Devices
193	Table 11-1 Pressure Transducer Errors Source Containment and Exhaust Device Controls
194	Fume Hoods Figure 11-1 Typical Constant- Volume Fume Hood
195	Figure 11-2 Typical Control Schematic for Constant- Volume Fume Hood
197	Figure 11-3 Typical Control Schematic for VAV Fume Hood with Sidewall Face Velocity Sensor
198	Figure 11-4 Typical Control Schematic for VAV Fume Hood with Sash Position Sensor
199	Other Exhaust Devices Figure 11-5 Typical Control Schematic for Two-Position Snorkel
200	Figure 11-6 Typical Control Schematic for BSC
202	Figure 11-7 Typical Control Schematic for Flammable and Solvent Storage Cabinet
203	Figure 11-8 Typical Control Schematic for Canopy Hood Used for Direct Exhausting General Laboratory Exhaust
204	Room Pressurization Control Figure 11-9 Room Pressurization to Prevent Contamination Spread
205	Figure 11-10 Leakage Area versus Flow Rate Direct Pressure Control
206	Figure 11-11 Typical Control Schematic for Direct Pressure Control
207	Volumetric Offset Control
208	Figure 11-12 Typical Control Schematic for Volumetric Offset Control
209	Figure 11-13 Specifying Control Components for Volumetric Offset
210	Cascade Control Dilution Ventilation and Minimum Ventilation Rates
211	Figure 11-14 Typical Control Schematic for Cascade Control Unoccupied Setback Control of Minimum Ventilation Rates
213	Demand-Based Control
214	Figure 11-15 HVAC Energy Use Breakdown Room Temperature Control
215	Hydronic Room Cooling
216	Figure 11-16 Typical Cross Section of an Active Beam
217	Central System Level Control Air-Handling Unit
218	Exhaust Fans Emergency Modes of Operation
219	Animal Facilities
220	References
222	12 – Airflow Patterns and Testing Procedures Overview Airflow Patterns and Direction
223	Minimizing the Spread of Contaminants
224	Figure 12-1 Flow from Clean to Dirty Determining the Proper Airflow Pattern
225	Figure 12-2 Conflicting Airflow to Fume Hoods Air Introduction
226	Figure 12-3 Acceptability of Air Transfer
227	Special Requirements for Critical Systems Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing
228	Air and Hydronic System Balancing
229	Ductwork pressure Testing Equipment Balancing
230	General TAB Standards
231	Laboratory Testing Requirements Fume Hood Face Velocity and Performance Testing
232	Figure 12-4 Periodic Laboratory Equipment and System Testing Biological Safety Cabinet Performance Testing Verification of Room Pressurization
233	References
234	13 – O&M for Ventilation and Exhaust Systems Overview Maintenance of Equipment and Systems
235	Fume Hoods Biological Safety Cabinets
236	Ventilation and Exhaust Systems Decontamination of Existing Laboratories Cost Information
237	Operation Cost Energy Cost Maintenance Cost Training Maintenance Staff
238	Occupants References
240	14 – Laboratory Commissioning Process Overview
241	Commissioning Process Predesign Phase Establishing Project Goals and Expectations
243	Commissioning Plan Design Phase Basis of Design
244	Construction Documents
245	Construction Phase Mock-Ups Construction Checklists Review of Submittals
246	System Verification Acceptance Phase Control System Exhaust Hoods and Systems
247	Occupancy and Operations Phase Documentation Training Audits of Laboratory Systems
248	Ongoing Commissioning Commissioning of Existing Buildings (Retrocommissioning) References
250	15 – HVAC System Economics Overview Initial Cost
251	Central Air-Handling Equipment Exhaust System Equipment
252	Life-Cycle Cost Cost Factors
254	Example LCCA Calculation
256	16 – Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories Overview Introduction to Biological Containment Elements
257	Risk Assessment Containment Barriers
258	Reference Standards and Design Guidelines Definitions
259	Biosafety Level Classification Figure 16-1 Four Biosafety Levels
260	Figure 16-2 Four Biosafety Laboratory Levels
261	(A)BSL-1 (A)BSL-2 (A)BSL-3
262	Figure 16-3 Scientist Examining Specimens in a BSL-3 Laboratory
264	BSL-3Ag (BSL-3 AGRICULTURAL LARGE-ANIMAL FACILITIES)
265	Figure 16-4 Heat Treatment EDS Schematic BSL-4
266	Figure 16-5 Essential Features of a BSL-4 Facility
268	Figure 16-6 Components of a Class III BSC
270	Figure 16-7 Layers of Containment in a BSL-4 Suit Laboratory
271	Figure 16-8 Inflatable-Gasket APR Door System
272	Figure 16-9 Laboratory Technicians Working in a BSL-4 Suit Laboratory
273	Figure 16-10 Typical Chemical Shower
274	Figure 16-11 Double HEPA Laboratory Exhaust Filtration System
275	Containable Spaces Users’ Program Requirements
276	Figure 16-12 Animal Facility Diagrammatic Model Showing Basic Flows and Relationships
277	Engineering Considerations Systems Overview Ventilation Rates
278	Space Pressurization and Airflow
279	Solid Waste Decontamination Methods
280	System Redundancy Measures
281	Air Distribution Operational Considerations
282	Special Animal Considerations Operational and Safety Protocols
283	Ventilated Cage Rack Systems Figure 16-13 A Typical Cage Rack System for Mice
284	Environmental Conditions
285	Sanitation and Cleanability
286	References
288	Bibliography
290	17 – CFD Modeling of Laboratory Ventilation Overview
291	Uses of CFD in Laboratories Design of Supply Diffusers Figure 17-1 Example Room Layout Thermal Comfort and Cooling Requirements
292	Figure 17-2 Comparison of Two Diffuser Configurations to Ideal Uniform Supply Other Safety and Comfort Issues
293	Introduction to CFD Modeling Figure 17-3 Example CFD Output— Single Cross-Section of Velocities
294	Types of CFD Models Typical Stages in CFD Computations
295	Recommendations for Conducting CFD Modeling
296	Interpreting CFD Results Ventilation Effectiveness and Age of Air Thermal Comfort
297	Figure 17-4 Incorrect Modeling of Supply Momentum Figure 17-5 Corrected Momentum to Match Diffuser Throw Data Fume Hood Leakage
298	Room Air Currents Concentration Levels from a Spill or Vapor Release References
300	18 – Sustainable Design Overview
301	High-Performance Building Design Process
302	Computer Modeling Energy Modeling
303	Figure 18-1 Baseline Building Energy Use Figure 18-2 Proposed Building Energy Use
304	Figure 18-3 Energy Consumption Benchmarking (kW·h/ft2/yr) Exergy Analysis Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Building Information Modeling (BIM)
305	Green Tips for Laboratories Minimizing Natural Resources Consumption
306	Figure 18-4 Rainwater Recovery
307	Protecting the Environment Energy Efficiency—Design
308	Table 18-1 Effect of Reducing Air Changes
309	Figure 18-5 Conventional System Figure 18-6 Modified Conventional System
310	Figure 18-7 Fan-Coil and Separate General Laboratory Exhaust Figure 18-8 Active Beams and Separate General Laboratory Exhaust
311	Table 18-2 Example of Real Laboratory Building’s Airflow
312	Figure 18-9 Direct-Drive Coupling
313	Table 18-3 Summary of Design Practice for Laboratory HVAC Systems Energy Efficiency—Recovery
314	Figure 18-10 Low- Temperature Heating Loop Energy Efficiency—Source
315	Figure 18-11 Direct-Contact Boiler (Natural Gas) Energy Efficiency—Controls
316	On-Site Energy Production Ongoing Commissioning Operation/Description Manual Laboratory Sustainability Checklist
317	Figure 18-12 Airflow Tracking Table 18-4 Laboratory Sustainability Checklist
321	References
324	Index

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASHRAE	2015	330


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Standard Title	ASHRAE Laboratory Design Guide: Planning and Operation of Laboratory HVAC Systems, 2nd Ed.
Published Code	ASHRAE
Publication Date	2015
Pages Count	330

ASHRAE Book LaboratoryDesignGuide 2ndEd 2015

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