ASHRAE Book LiquidCooling 2ed 2013
$42.79
ASHRAE Liquid Cooling Guidelines for Datacom Equipment Centers, 2nd Edition
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| ASHRAE | 2013 | 122 |
The Guide Every Datacom Professional Needs Data center rack heat loads are steadily climbing, and the ability for many data centers to deliver either adequate airflow rates or chilled air is now being stretched to the limit to avoid decreased equipment availability, wasted floor space, and inefficient cooling system operation. This situation is creating a need for liquid cooling solutions to reduce the volume of airflow needed by the racks and for lower processor temperatures for better computer performance. This book provides cooling system designers, data center operators, equipment manufacturers, chief information officers (CIOs), and IT specialists with best practice guidance for implementing liquid cooling systems in data centers. This second edition includes updated references and further information on approach temperatures and liquid immersion cooling, plus guidance on water quality problems and wetted material requirements. It also includes definitions for liquid and air cooling as they apply to the IT equipment, along with an overview of chilled-water and condenser water systems and other datacom equipment cooling options. The book also bridges the liquid cooling systems by providing guidelines on interface requirements between the chilled-water system and the technology cooling system and on the requirements of liquid-cooled systems that attach to a datacom electronics rack to aid in data center thermal management. This book is the fourth in the ASHRAE Datacom Series, authored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 9.9, Mission Critical Facilities, Data Centers, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment. This series provides comprehensive treatment of datacom cooling and related subjects. Keywords: data, data centers, data center, data processing, datacom, data com, energy consumption measurements; energy efficiency
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 12 | 1.1 Definitions |
| 14 | 1.2 Liquid Cooling Systems Figure 1.1 Liquid cooling systems/loops within a data center. |
| 18 | 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Flexibility |
| 19 | 2.1.2 Scalability 2.1.3 Ease of Installation, Commissioning, and Operation |
| 20 | 2.1.4 Ease of Maintenance and Troubleshooting |
| 21 | 2.1.5 Availability and Reliability |
| 23 | 2.1.6 Energy Efficiency 2.2 Equipment 2.2.1 Chillers Figure 2.1 Generic chiller diagram. |
| 24 | Figure 2.2 Schematic overview of a generic air-cooled chiller flow. |
| 25 | Figure 2.3 Typical packaged air-cooled chiller. 2.2.2 Heat Rejection Equipment 2.2.2.1 Cooling Tower |
| 26 | Figure 2.4 Schematic overview of a generic water-cooled chiller flow. Figure 2.5 Water-cooled chiller. |
| 27 | Figure 2.6 Schematic overview of a generic cooling tower flow. Figure 2.7 Direct cooling towers on an elevated platform. |
| 28 | Figure 2.8 Direct or open circuit cooling tower schematic flow diagram. Figure 2.9 Indirect cooling tower schematic flow diagram. |
| 29 | 2.2.2.2 Dry Cooler Figure 2.10 Dry cooler. |
| 30 | 2.2.2.3 Approach Temperature Figure 2.11 Approach temperature for an open-circuit cooling tower. |
| 31 | Table 3.1 Approach Temperatures for Various Heat Exchanges |
| 32 | 2.2.3 Pumps 2.2.4 Economizer Mode of Operation |
| 33 | Figure 2.12 Simple overview of the heat exchanger process. Figure 2.13 Insulated plate-and-frame heat exchangers. |
| 34 | 3.1 General |
| 35 | 3.2 Spatial considerations |
| 36 | 3.3 Basic Piping Architecture 3.3.1 Direct Return (Figure 3.1) Figure 3.1 Example of direct return flow principle. |
| 37 | 3.3.2 Reverse Return (Figure 3.2) |
| 38 | Figure 3.2 Example of reverse return flow principle. 3.3.3 Looped Mains Piping Schemes |
| 39 | 3.3.4 Single-Ended Loop with Direct Feed (Figure 3.3) Figure 3.3 Single-ended loop with direct feed. |
| 40 | 3.3.5 Single-Ended Loop with Common Cross Branches (Figure 3.4) 3.3.6 Single-Ended Loop with Dedicated Cross Branches (Figure 3.5) |
| 41 | Figure 3.4 Single-ended loop with common cross branches. |
| 42 | Figure 3.5 Single-ended loop with dedicated cross branches. 3.3.7 Double-Ended Loop with Direct Feed (Figure 3.6) |
| 43 | Figure 3.6 Double-ended loop with direct feed. |
| 44 | 3.3.8 Double-Ended Loop with Common Cross Branches (Figure 3.7) Figure 3.7 Double-ended loop with common cross branches. |
| 45 | 3.3.9 Double-Ended Loop with Dedicated Cross Branches (Figure 3.8) 3.4 Piping Arrangements for the Cooling Plant |
| 46 | Figure 3.8 Double-ended loop with dedicated cross branches. 3.4.1 FWS Pipe Sizing |
| 47 | 3.4.2 Loop Isolation Valve Failures Figure 3.9 Condenser water system/chilled-water system distribution piping. |
| 48 | 3.5 Water Treatment Issues 3.6 Seismic Protection |
| 50 | 4.1 Overview of Liquid-Cooled Racks and Cabinets |
| 51 | Figure 4.1 Air-cooled rack or cabinet. Figure 4.2 Combination air- and liquid-cooled rack or cabinet. |
| 52 | Figure 4.3 Liquid-cooled rack or cabinet (side view). |
| 53 | Figure 4.4 Combination air- and liquid-cooled rack or cabinet with external CDU. Figure 4.5 Liquid-cooled rack or cabinet with external CDU. |
| 54 | Figure 4.6 Combination air- and liquid-cooled rack or cabinet with internal CDU. Figure 4.7 Liquid-cooled rack or cabinet with internal CDU. |
| 55 | 4.2 Overview of Air- and Liquid-Cooled Datacom Equipment Figure 4.8 Open air-cooled datacom equipment in an air/liquid-cooled rack. |
| 56 | Figure 4.9 Closed air-cooled datacom equipment in a liquid-cooled cabinet. |
| 57 | Figure 4.10 Closed air- and liquid-cooled datacom equipment in a liquid- cooled rack. Figure 4.11 Liquid-cooled datacom equipment in a liquid-cooled rack. |
| 58 | Figure 4.12 Open air- and liquid-cooled datacom equipment in an air/liquid- cooled rack. Figure 4.13 Liquid-cooled datacom equipment in a liquid-cooled rack using a vapor compression system. |
| 59 | Figure 4.14 Air-cooled datacom equipment in a liquid-cooled cabinet using a vapor compression cycle. 4.3 OVERVIEW OF IMMERSION COOLING OF DATACOM EQUIpMENT |
| 60 | Figure 4.15 Immersion cooled datacom equipment in a liquid-cooled rack using a vapor compression system. |
| 61 | 4.4 Overview of Coolant Distribution Unit (CDU) |
| 63 | Figure 4.16 Internal datacom equipment-based CDU that uses a docking station and cold plates. |
| 64 | Figure 4.17 Internal datacom equipment-based CDU using liquid-to-liquid heat exchanger. Figure 4.18 Internal rack or cabinet-based CDU using liquid-to-liquid heat exchanger. |
| 65 | Figure 4.19 Internal rack or cabinet-based CDU using a liquid-cooled condenser and a vapor compression system. |
| 66 | Figure 4.20 Facility-based CDU using liquid-cooled condenser. Figure 4.21 Facility-based CDU using liquid-cooled condenser and a vapor compression system. |
| 68 | 5.1 Facility Water Systems (FWS) Figure 5.1 Combination air- and liquid-cooled rack or cabinet with external CDU (same as Figure 4.5). |
| 69 | Figure 5.2 Combination air- and liquid-cooled rack or cabinet with internal CDU (same as Figure 4.6). 5.1.1 Facility Supply Water Temperature Classification |
| 70 | Table 5.1 ASHRAE Liquid Cooling Guidelines Figure 5.3 ASHRAE liquid cooling classification, typical infrastructure design schematics. |
| 71 | 5.1.2 Additional Building Facility Water Considerations |
| 73 | Figure 5.4 Typical chiller water flow rates for constant heat load. |
| 74 | Table 5.2 Maximum Velocity Requirements |
| 75 | Table 5.3 Water Quality Specifications for Facility Water System (FWS) Loop |
| 79 | 5.1.3 Piping Considerations Figure 5.5 Location of CDU units in data center—Option 1. |
| 80 | Figure 5.6 Location of CDU units in data center—Option 2. |
| 82 | 5.1.4 Electrical Considerations |
| 83 | 5.1.5 Monitoring |
| 84 | 5.1.6 Reliability and Availability |
| 87 | 5.1.7 Commissioning |
| 89 | 5.2 Non-Water Facility Systems Figure 5.7 CDU (DX unit) supplying coolant to rack or cabinet. Figure 5.8 Modular CDU (DX unit) within rack or cabinet. |
| 90 | 5.2.1 Air-Cooled Condensers 5.2.2 Refrigerant Piping |
| 91 | 5.3 Liquid Cooling Deployments in NEBS Compliant Space Figure 5.9 Liquid-cooling systems/loops within a NEBS compliant data center. |
| 92 | 5.3.1 NEBS Space Similarities and Differences |
| 93 | 5.3.2 CDU Use in NEBS Space 5.3.3 Refrigerant Distribution Infrastructure 5.3.4 Connections 5.3.5 Condensation Consideration |
| 94 | 5.3.6 Close-Coupled Cooling Units |
| 96 | Figure 6.1 Combination air- and liquid-cooled rack or cabinet with external CDU (same as Figure 4.5). 6.1 Water-Based Technology Cooling System |
| 97 | 6.1.1 Operational Requirements 6.1.2 Water Flow Rates 6.1.3 Velocity Considerations 6.1.4 Water Quality/Composition |
| 98 | Figure 6.2 Water flow rates for TCS loop and for constant heat load. Table 6.1 Maximum Velocity Requirements |
| 99 | Table 6.2 Water Quality Specifications—TCS Cooling Loop |
| 100 | 6.1.5 Wetted Material Requirements 6.1.6 Monitoring |
| 101 | 6.2 Non-Water-Based Technology Cooling System 6.2.1 Operational Requirements 6.2.2 Liquid Requirements 6.2.3 Wetted Material Requirements |
| 110 | Survey of Customer Water Quality of Chilled-Water System Loop |
| 119 | Blank Page |
| 120 | Blank Page |
| 121 | Blank Page |
