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BS EN IEC 60953-3:2022

BS EN IEC 60953-3:2022

$215.11

Rules for steam turbine thermal acceptance tests – Thermal performance verification tests of retrofitted steam turbines

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2022 104
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This part of IEC 60953 establishes a Supplementary Standard (SS) for thermal verification tests of retrofitted steam turbines. The rules given in this SS follow the guidance given in IEC 60953-0, hereinafter called the Reference Standard (RS) but contain amendments and supplements regarding guarantees and verification of the guarantees by thermal acceptance tests on retrofitted steam turbines. General principles for the preparation, performance, evaluation, comparison with guaranteed values and the determination of the measurement uncertainties of verification tests are given in this SS. This SS is applicable only when the retrofit involves some hardware change in the steam turbine equipment. Conversely, any modification on the cycle or any retrofit of other equipment of the power plant (e.g. boiler, feedwater heaters, etc.) is not covered by this SS.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
5 Annex ZA (normative)Normative references to international publicationswith their corresponding European publications
6 Blank Page
7 English
CONTENTS
13 FOREWORD
15 INTRODUCTION
18 1 Scope
1.1 General
1.2 Object
1.3 Matters to be considered in the contract
2 Normative references
19 3 Units, symbols, terms and definitions
3.1 General
3.2 Symbols, units
3.3 Subscripts, superscripts and definitions
21 3.4 Guarantee parameters
3.4.1 Guidance on guarantee parameters
3.4.2 Thermal efficiency
3.4.3 Heat rate
3.4.4 Thermodynamic efficiency
3.4.5 Steam rate
3.4.6 Main steam flow capacity
3.4.7 Power output
3.4.8 Guarantee values for extraction and mixed-pressure turbines
3.4.9 Thermal Load Capacity (for Nuclear applications)
3.5 Additional guarantee parameters
3.5.1 General
3.5.2 Cylinder isentropic efficiency – expansion in superheated region
22 3.5.3 Cylinder isentropic efficiency – expansion involving wet region
Figures
Figure 1 – Isentropic efficiency of the HP cylinder
23 Figure 2 – LP turbine expansion line
24 3.5.4 Pressure loss
3.5.5 Flow-passing capacity (FPC)
4 Guiding principles
4.1 Advance planning for test
25 4.2 Preparatory agreements and arrangements for tests
4.3 Planning of the test
4.3.1 Time for verification tests
26 4.3.2 Direction of acceptance tests
4.4 Preparation of the tests
4.4.1 Condition of the plant
Tables
Table 1 – Maximum deviations and fluctuations inoperating conditions from specified and relative data
27 4.4.2 Condition of the steam turbine
4.4.3 Condition of the condenser
4.4.4 Isolation of the cycle
4.4.5 Checks for leakage of condenser and feed water heaters
4.4.6 Cleanliness of the steam strainers
4.4.7 Checking of the test measuring equipment
4.5 Comparison measurements
28 4.6 Settings for test
4.6.1 Load settings
4.6.2 Special settings
4.7 Preliminary tests
4.8 Acceptance tests
4.8.1 Constancy of test conditions
4.8.2 Maximum deviation and fluctuation in test conditions
4.8.3 Duration of test runs and frequency of reading
4.8.4 Reading of integrating measuring instruments
4.8.5 Alternative methods
4.8.6 Recording of tests
4.8.7 Additional measurement
4.8.8 Preliminary calculations
29 4.8.9 Consistency and number of tests
4.9 Repetition of acceptance tests
4.10 Guidance on retrofit guarantees
4.10.1 General
30 4.10.2 Absolute guarantees
Table 2 – Guarantee alternatives
31 4.10.3 Relative guarantees
32 5 Measuring techniques and measuring instruments
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 Instrument accuracy requirements
5.1.2 Measuring instruments
5.1.3 Measuring uncertainty
5.1.4 Calibration of instruments
5.1.5 Alternative instrumentation
5.1.6 Consistency of pre- and post-retrofit tests
5.2 Measurement of power
5.2.1 Determination of mechanical turbine output
5.2.2 Measurement of boiler feed pump power
33 5.2.3 Determination of electrical power of a turbine generator
5.2.4 Measurement of electrical power
5.2.5 Electrical instrument connections
5.2.6 Electrical instruments
5.2.7 Instrument transformers
5.2.8 Determination of electrical power of pre- and post-retrofit tests
5.3 Flow measurement
5.3.1 Determination of flows to be measured
34 5.3.2 Measurement of primary flow
5.3.3 Installation and location of flow measuring devices
5.3.4 Calibration of primary flow devices for water flow
5.3.5 Inspection of flow measuring devices
35 5.3.6 Differential pressure measurements
5.3.7 Water flow fluctuation
5.3.8 Secondary flow measurements
36 5.3.9 Occasional secondary flows
5.3.10 Density of water and steam
5.3.11 Determination of cooling water flow of condenser
5.4 Pressure measurement (excluding condensing turbine exhaust pressure)
5.4.1 Pressures to be measured
5.4.2 Instruments
5.4.3 Main pressure measurements
5.4.4 Pressure tapping holes and connecting lines
37 5.4.5 Shut-off valves
5.4.6 Calibration of pressure measuring devices
5.4.7 Atmospheric pressure
5.4.8 Correction of readings
5.5 Condensing turbine exhaust pressure measurement
5.5.1 General
5.5.2 Plane of measurement
5.5.3 Pressure taps
5.5.4 Manifolds
5.5.5 Connecting lines
5.5.6 Instruments
5.5.7 Calibration
38 5.6 Temperature measurement
5.6.1 Points of temperature measurement
5.6.2 Instruments
5.6.3 Main temperature measurements
5.6.4 Feed train temperature measurements (including bled steam)
5.6.5 Condenser cooling water temperature measurement
5.6.6 Thermometer wells
5.6.7 Precautions to be observed in the measurement of temperature
5.7 Steam quality determination
5.7.1 General
5.7.2 Tracer technique
5.7.3 Condensing method
5.7.4 Constant rate injection method
5.7.5 Extraction enthalpy determined by constant rate injection method
39 5.7.6 Tracers and their use
5.7.7 Use of tracer techniques in retrofit applications
5.8 Time measurement
5.9 Speed measurement
6 Evaluation of tests
6.1 Preparation of evaluation
40 6.2 Computation of results
6.2.1 Calculation of average values of instrument readings
6.2.2 Correction and conversion of averaged readings
6.2.3 Checking of measured data
41 6.2.4 Thermodynamic properties of steam and water
6.2.5 Calculation of test results
Table 3 – Apportionment of unaccounted leakages
44 7 Corrections of test results and comparison with guarantee
7.1 Guarantee values and guarantee conditions
7.1.1 Guarantee values and guarantee conditions specific to retrofits
45 7.2 Correction of initial steam flow capacity
7.3 Correction of output
7.3.1 Correction of maximum output
7.3.2 Correction of Output with specified initial steam flow
7.4 Correction of the thermal performance
7.5 Definition and application of correction values
7.6 Correction methods
7.6.1 General
7.6.2 Correction by heat balance calculation
46 7.6.3 Correction by use of correction curves prepared by the manufacturer
7.6.4 Tests to determine correction values
7.7 Variables to be considered in the correction of specific turbine cycles
7.7.1 Scope of corrections
7.7.2 Turbines with regenerative feed-water heating
7.7.3 Turbines which have no provision for the addition or extraction of steam after partial expansion
7.7.4 Turbines with steam extraction for purposes other than feed-water heating (extraction turbines)
7.7.5 Other types of turbine
7.8 Guarantee comparison
7.8.1 Tolerance and weighting
7.8.2 Guarantee comparison with locus curve
7.8.3 Guarantee comparison with guarantee point
7.8.4 Guarantee comparison for turbines with throttle governing
7.8.5 Guarantee comparison for extraction turbines
47 7.8.6 Additional consideration for retrofit guarantee comparison
7.9 Deterioration of turbine performance (ageing)
7.9.1 Timing to minimise deterioration
7.9.2 Correction with comparison tests
7.9.3 Correction without comparison tests
7.9.4 Deterioration of performance of retrofitted components
48 8 Measuring uncertainty
8.1 General
8.2 Determination of measuring uncertainty of steam and water properties
8.2.1 Pressure
8.2.2 Temperature
8.2.3 Enthalpy and enthalpy difference
8.3 Calculation of measuring uncertainty of output
8.3.1 Electrical measurement
8.3.2 Mechanical measurement
8.3.3 Additional uncertainty allowance because of unsteady load conditions
Table 4 – Typical effects of cylinder efficiency on heat rate
49 8.4 Determination of measuring uncertainty of mass flow
8.4.1 Measuring uncertainty of mass flow measurements
8.4.2 Measuring uncertainty of multiple measurements of primary flow
8.4.3 Uncertainty allowance for cycle imperfections
8.5 Calculation of measuring uncertainty of results
8.5.1 General
8.5.2 Measuring uncertainty of thermal efficiency
8.5.3 Measuring uncertainty of thermodynamic efficiency
8.5.4 Uncertainty of corrections
8.5.5 Guiding values for the measuring uncertainty of results
8.6 Example uncertainty calculation
50 Annex A (normative)Feedwater heater leakage and condenser leakage tests
A.1 Feedwater heater leakage tests
A.2 Condenser leakage tests
51 Annex B (normative)Evaluation of multiple measurements, compatibility
52 Annex C (normative)Mass flow balances
C.1 General
C.2 Flows for further evaluations (informative)
53 Annex D (informative)Short-statistical definition of measuring uncertaintyand error propagation in acceptance test
54 Annex E (informative)Temperature variation method
E.1 Description of the problem
E.2 Possibility to determine the leakage flow
E.3 Applied example
55 Annex F (normative)Measuring uncertainty of results – retrofit application
58 Annex G (informative)Retrofit improvement calculation –numerical examples (fossil and nuclear)
G.1 General
G.2 Example of retrofitting a fossil-fired reheat turbine
G.2.1 General
59 Figure G.1 – HP cylinder expansion
60 Figure G.2 – LP cylinder expansion
62 G.2.2 HP cylinder retrofitting
63 G.2.3 LP cylinder retrofitting with relative guarantee on heat rate(treated separately from the HP case)
64 G.2.4 Effect of retrofit on associated plant performance
65 Figure G.3 – Original heat balance diagram (or base line)
66 Figure G.4 – Correction curves
67 Figure G.5 – Pre-retrofit test
68 Figure G.6 – Pre-retrofit test: HP cylinder replaced
69 Figure G.7 – Pre-retrofit test: LP cylinder replaced
70 G.3 Example of retrofitting a nuclear turbine
G.3.1 General
Figure G.8 – Leaving loss curve
71 G.3.2 Retrofit scenario and testing procedure
G.3.3 Correction curves
72 G.3.4 Application of correction curves
73 Table G.1 – Main parameters of the heat balances (Figure G.17 to Figure G.19)
Table G.2 – Comparison between guaranteed and post-testre-calculated heat balance
74 G.3.5 Comparison of the measured values to the guarantees
Table G.3 – Measured and corresponding calculated values from the post-test
Table G.4 – Corrections due to differences between measured and calculated values (from post re-calculated heat balance, Figure G.19)
75 Figure G.9 – Correction curve of heat rate due to live steam pressure
Table G.5 – Summary of corrections
76 Figure G.10 – Correction curve of heat rate due to thermal power
Figure G.11 – Correction curve of heat rate due to exhaust pressure
77 Figure G.12 – Correction curve of heat rate due to quality of live steam
Figure G.13 – Correction curve of heat rate for Δp of the moisture separator/reheaters
78 Figure G.14 – Correction curve of heat rate due to temperature of the reheat steam
Figure G.15 – Correction curve of heat rate due to quality of steamafter the moisture separator
79 Figure G.16 – Curve of live steam pressure before the valves of the turbineas a function of thermal power
80 Figure G.17 – Baseline heat balance
81 Figure G.18 – Guarantee heat balance
82 Figure G.19 – Post-retrofit test re-calculated heat balance
83 Annex H (informative)Uncertainty calculation – numerical examples (fossil and nuclear)
H.1 General
H.2 Fossil case study
H.2.1 General
Table H.1 – Assumed total measured variable uncertaintyfor pressure, temperature and generator output
84 H.2.2 Evaluation
85 Table H.2 – Uncertainty percentage of calculated results at different flow measurement uncertainty levels for a fossil plant
Table H.3 – Uncertainty percentage of calculated results at different correlation levels for a fossil plant
86 Figure H.1 – Instrumentation for a fossil plant
87 Table H.4 – Heat Rate uncertainty of a fossil plant
89 Table H.5 – HP isentropic efficiency uncertainty of a fossil plant
91 Table H.6 – IP isentropic efficiency uncertainty of a fossil plant
93 Table H.7 – LP isentropic efficiency uncertainty of a fossil plant
95 H.3 Nuclear case study
H.3.1 General
H.3.2 Evaluation
96 Table H.8 – Uncertainty percentage of calculated results atdifferent flow measurement uncertainty levels for a nuclear plant
Table H.9 – Uncertainty percentage of calculated results at different correlation levels for a nuclear plant
97 Figure H.2 – Instrumentation for a nuclear plant
98 Table H.10 – Heat Rate uncertainty of a nuclear plant
100 Table H.11 – HP isentropic efficiency uncertainty of a nuclear plant
102 Table H.12 – LP isentropic efficiency uncertainty of a nuclear plant

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BS EN IEC 60953-3:2022
$215.11