IEEE 998-2012

$130.00

IEEE Guide for Direct Lightning Stroke Shielding of Substations

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
IEEE	2012	227

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Description

Revision Standard – Active. Design information for the methods historically and typically applied by substation designers to reduce direct lightning strokes to equipment and buswork within substations is provided. Two approaches, the classical empirical method and the electrogeometric model, are presented in detail. A third approach, which involves the use of non-conventional lightning terminals and related design methods, is also reviewed.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	IEEE Std 998-2012 Front Cover
2	Blank Page
3	Title page
4	Grateful acknowledgements
6	Notice to users Laws and regulations Copyrights Updating of IEEE documents Errata Patents
8	Participants
10	Introduction Dedication
11	Contents
13	Important notice 1. Overview 1.1 Scope
14	1.2 Purpose 2. Definitions
16	3. Lightning phenomena 3.1 Charge formation in clouds
17	3.2 Stroke formation
19	3.3 Striking distance
21	3.4 First negative return stroke current magnitude
23	3.5 Keraunic level
25	3.6 Ground flash density
27	3.7 Lightning detection networks 4. The design problem
28	5. Empirical design methods 5.1 Fixed angles
30	5.2 Origin of empirical curves
31	5.3 Application of empirical curves
36	5.4 Areas protected by lightning masts
38	5.5 Effect of hillsides 6. The electrogeometric model (EGM) 6.1 History
40	6.2 Mousa’s EGM
43	6.3 Application of the EGM by the rolling sphere method
50	6.4 Application of Mousa’s EGM
51	6.5 Eriksson’s EGM
60	6.6 Calculation of failure probability 7. Alternative models of lightning interception 7.1 Leader propagation models and methods for substation shielding
79	7.2 Importance of air terminal geometry 7.3 Active lightning terminals
81	Annex A (informative) Empirical shielding curves
85	Annex B (informative) Sample calculations
179	Annex C (informative) Calculation of corona radius and surge impedance under corona
182	Annex D (informative) Risk evaluation
185	Annex E (informative) IEEE Questionnaire—2007
187	Annex F (informative) The Dainwood method
188	Annex G (informative) Direct stroke lightning protection
206	Annex H (informative) Methodology review
213	Annex I (informative) Comparison of IEEE Std 998 to other standards
220	Annex I (informative) Comparison of IEEE Std 998 to other standards