IEEE C57.149-2012

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IEEE Guide for the Application and Interpretation of Frequency Response Analysis for Oil-Immersed Transformers

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
IEEE	2012	72

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Description

New IEEE Standard – Active. The measurement of Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) of oil-immersed power transformers is applicable in this guide. It is intended to provide the user with the requirements and specifications for instrumentation, procedures for performing the tests, techniques for analyzing the data, and recommendations for long-term storage of the data and results.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	IEEE Std C57.149-2012 front cover
6	Notice to users Laws and regulations Copyrights Updating of IEEE documents Errata Patents
8	Participants
10	Introduction
11	Contents
13	1. Overview 1.1 Scope 1.2 Purpose
14	2. Definitions
16	3. FRA measurement overview 3.1 Use of FRA
17	3.2 FRA base line measurement 3.3 FRA diagnostic application
18	3.4 Recommended FRA measurement test parameters 4. Making an FRA measurement 4.1 Test procedures 4.2 Test environment preparation
19	4.3 Test object preparation 4.4 Test set
20	4.5 Test leads
21	4.6 Measurement types 4.6.1 Open-circuit measurement 4.6.2 Short-circuit measurement 4.6.3 Capacitive inter-winding measurement 4.6.4 Inductive inter-winding measurement 4.7 Load Tap Changer (LTC) and De-Energized Tap Changer (DETC) positions
22	4.8 Test connections
28	4.8.1 FRA shipping configuration 4.8.2 Oil level and presence
29	4.8.2.1 De-energized and on-load tap changer position 4.8.3 Bushings and placement 5. Test documentation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Test records
30	5.2.1 Data format 5.2.2 Data elements 5.2.3 Transformer data
31	5.2.4 Test equipment data 5.2.5 Test organization data 5.2.6 Test set-up data 5.2.7 Test results
32	6. Measurement analysis and interpretation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Trace characteristics 6.2.1 Open-circuit test
33	6.2.2 Short circuit test 6.2.3 Capacitive inter-winding 6.2.4 Inductive inter-winding 6.3 Trace comparison
34	6.3.1 Plot inspection 6.3.2 Difference plotting 6.3.3 Correlation coefficients
35	6.3.4 Baseline data 6.3.5 Similar units
36	6.3.6 Phase 6.4 FRA relationship to other transformer diagnostics 6.4.1 Single-phase exciting current
37	6.4.2 Turns ratio 6.4.3 Short-circuit Impedance (leakage reactance) 6.4.4 DC winding resistance 6.5 Failure modes
38	6.5.1 Radial winding deformation – “Hoop Buckling”
42	6.5.2 Axial winding elongation – “Telescoping”
45	6.5.3 Overall bulk movement 6.5.4 Core defects
49	6.5.5 Contact resistance
52	6.5.6 Winding turn-to-turn short circuit
55	6.5.7 Open-circuit winding
59	6.5.8 Winding looseness due to transportation
60	6.5.9 Residual magnetization 6.5.10 Floating shield with local insulation carbonization
63	6.6 Modeling
65	Annex A (informative) FRA theory
72	Annex B (informative) Bibliography

Additional information

Standard Title	IEEE Guide for the Application and Interpretation of Frequency Response Analysis for Oil-Immersed Transformers
Published Code	IEEE
Publication Date	2012
Pages Count	72

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IEEE C57.149-2012

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