{"id":160955,"date":"2024-10-19T09:40:06","date_gmt":"2024-10-19T09:40:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/aci-440-2r-08-2008\/"},"modified":"2024-10-25T01:58:44","modified_gmt":"2024-10-25T01:58:44","slug":"aci-440-2r-08-2008","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/aci\/aci-440-2r-08-2008\/","title":{"rendered":"ACI 440.2R 08 2008"},"content":{"rendered":"

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) systems for strengthening concrete structures are an alternative to traditional strengthening techniques, such as steel plate bonding, section enlargement, and external post-tensioning. FRP strengthening systems use FRP composite materials as supplemental externally bonded reinforcement. FRP systems offer advantages over traditional strengthening techniques: they are lightweight, relatively easy to install, and are noncorrosive. Due to the characteristics of FRP materials as well as the behavior of members strengthened with FRP, specific guidance on the use of these systems is needed. This document offers general information on the history and use of FRP strengthening systems; a description of the unique material properties of FRP; and committee recommendations on the engineering, construction, and inspection of FRP systems used to strengthen concrete structures. The proposed guidelines are based on the knowledge gained from experimental research, analytical work, and field applications of FRP systems used to strengthen concrete structures. Keywords: aramid fibers; bridges; buildings; carbon fibers; concrete; corrosion; crack widths; cracking; cyclic loading; deflection; development length; earthquake-resistant; fatigue; fiber-reinforced polymers; flexure; shear; stress; structural analysis; structural design; torsion.<\/p>\n

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PDF Pages<\/th>\nPDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nCONTENTS
CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\nPART 1\u2014GENERAL
PART 1\u2014GENERAL
CHAPTER 1\u2014 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE
CHAPTER 1\u2014 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE
1.1\u2014 Introduction
1.1\u2014 Introduction
1.2\u2014Scope and limitations
1.2\u2014Scope and limitations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\n1.3\u2014Applications and use
1.3\u2014Applications and use
1.3.1 Strengthening limits
1.3.1 Strengthening limits
1.3.2 Fire and life safety
1.3.2 Fire and life safety
1.3.3 Maximum service temperature
1.3.3 Maximum service temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\n1.3.4 Minimum concrete substrate strength
1.3.4 Minimum concrete substrate strength
1.4\u2014Use of FRP systems
1.4\u2014Use of FRP systems
CHAPTER 2\u2014 NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS
CHAPTER 2\u2014 NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS
2.1\u2014 Notation
2.1\u2014 Notation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\n2.2\u2014Definitions and acronyms
2.2\u2014Definitions and acronyms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\nCHAPTER 3\u2014 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
CHAPTER 3\u2014 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
3.1\u2014Historical development
3.1\u2014Historical development
3.2\u2014Commercially available externally bonded FRP systems
3.2\u2014Commercially available externally bonded FRP systems
3.2.1 Wet layup systems
3.2.1 Wet layup systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\n3.2.2 Prepreg systems
3.2.2 Prepreg systems
3.2.3 Precured systems
3.2.3 Precured systems
3.2.4 Near-surface-mounted (NSM) systems
3.2.4 Near-surface-mounted (NSM) systems
PART 2\u2014MATERIALS
PART 2\u2014MATERIALS
CHAPTER 4\u2014 CONSTITUENT MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES
CHAPTER 4\u2014 CONSTITUENT MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES
4.1\u2014Constituent materials
4.1\u2014Constituent materials
4.1.1 Resins
4.1.1 Resins
4.1.1.1 Primer
4.1.1.1 Primer
4.1.1.2 Putty fillers
4.1.1.2 Putty fillers
4.1.1.3 Saturating resin
4.1.1.3 Saturating resin <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\n4.1.1.4 Adhesives
4.1.1.4 Adhesives
4.1.2 Fibers
4.1.2 Fibers
4.1.3 Protective coatings
4.1.3 Protective coatings
4.2\u2014Physical properties
4.2\u2014Physical properties
4.2.1 Density
4.2.1 Density
4.2.2 Coefficient of thermal expansion
4.2.2 Coefficient of thermal expansion
4.2.3 Effects of high temperatures
4.2.3 Effects of high temperatures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\n4.3\u2014Mechanical properties
4.3\u2014Mechanical properties
4.3.1 Tensile behavior
4.3.1 Tensile behavior
4.3.2 Compressive behavior
4.3.2 Compressive behavior <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\n4.4\u2014Time-dependent behavior
4.4\u2014Time-dependent behavior
4.4.1 Creep-rupture
4.4.1 Creep-rupture
4.4.2 Fatigue
4.4.2 Fatigue
4.5\u2014Durability
4.5\u2014Durability <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\n4.6\u2014FRP systems qualification
4.6\u2014FRP systems qualification
PART 3\u2014 RECOMMENDED CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
PART 3\u2014 RECOMMENDED CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
CHAPTER 5\u2014 SHIPPING, STORAGE, AND HANDLING
CHAPTER 5\u2014 SHIPPING, STORAGE, AND HANDLING
5.1\u2014 Shipping
5.1\u2014 Shipping
5.2\u2014Storage
5.2\u2014Storage
5.2.1 Storage conditions
5.2.1 Storage conditions
5.2.2 Shelf life
5.2.2 Shelf life
5.3\u2014Handling
5.3\u2014Handling
5.3.1 Material safety data sheet
5.3.1 Material safety data sheet
5.3.2 Information sources
5.3.2 Information sources
5.3.3 General handling hazards
5.3.3 General handling hazards
5.3.4 Personnel safe handling and clothing
5.3.4 Personnel safe handling and clothing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\n5.3.5 Workplace safe handling
5.3.5 Workplace safe handling
5.3.6 Cleanup and disposal
5.3.6 Cleanup and disposal
CHAPTER 6\u2014 INSTALLATION
CHAPTER 6\u2014 INSTALLATION
6.1\u2014Contractor competency
6.1\u2014Contractor competency
6.2\u2014Temperature, humidity, and moisture considerations
6.2\u2014Temperature, humidity, and moisture considerations
6.3\u2014Equipment
6.3\u2014Equipment
6.4\u2014Substrate repair and surface preparation
6.4\u2014Substrate repair and surface preparation
6.4.1 Substrate repair
6.4.1 Substrate repair
6.4.1.1 Corrosion-related deterioration
6.4.1.1 Corrosion-related deterioration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\n6.4.1.2 Injection of cracks
6.4.1.2 Injection of cracks
6.4.2 Surface preparation
6.4.2 Surface preparation
6.4.2.1 Bond-critical applications
6.4.2.1 Bond-critical applications
6.4.2.2 Contact-critical applications
6.4.2.2 Contact-critical applications
6.4.3 Surface-embedded systems
6.4.3 Surface-embedded systems
6.5\u2014Mixing of resins
6.5\u2014Mixing of resins
6.6\u2014Application of FRP systems
6.6\u2014Application of FRP systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\n6.6.1 Primer and putty
6.6.1 Primer and putty
6.6.2 Wet layup systems
6.6.2 Wet layup systems
6.6.3 Machine-applied systems
6.6.3 Machine-applied systems
6.6.4 Precured systems
6.6.4 Precured systems
6.6.5 NSM systems
6.6.5 NSM systems
6.6.6 Protective coatings
6.6.6 Protective coatings
6.7\u2014Alignment of FRP materials
6.7\u2014Alignment of FRP materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\n6.8\u2014Multiple plies and lap splices
6.8\u2014Multiple plies and lap splices
6.9\u2014Curing of resins
6.9\u2014Curing of resins
6.10\u2014Temporary protection
6.10\u2014Temporary protection
CHAPTER 7\u2014 INSPECTION, EVALUATION, AND ACCEPTANCE
CHAPTER 7\u2014 INSPECTION, EVALUATION, AND ACCEPTANCE
7.1\u2014Inspection
7.1\u2014Inspection
7.2\u2014Evaluation and acceptance
7.2\u2014Evaluation and acceptance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\n7.2.1 Materials
7.2.1 Materials
7.2.2 Fiber orientation
7.2.2 Fiber orientation
7.2.3 Delaminations
7.2.3 Delaminations
7.2.4 Cure of resins
7.2.4 Cure of resins
7.2.5 Adhesion strength
7.2.5 Adhesion strength
7.2.6 Cured thickness
7.2.6 Cured thickness <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\nCHAPTER 8\u2014 MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
CHAPTER 8\u2014 MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
8.1\u2014 General
8.1\u2014 General
8.2\u2014Inspection and assessment
8.2\u2014Inspection and assessment
8.2.1 General inspection
8.2.1 General inspection
8.2.2 Testing
8.2.2 Testing
8.2.3 Assessment
8.2.3 Assessment
8.3\u2014Repair of strengthening system
8.3\u2014Repair of strengthening system
8.4\u2014Repair of surface coating
8.4\u2014Repair of surface coating
PART 4\u2014DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS
PART 4\u2014DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER 9\u2014 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
CHAPTER 9\u2014 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
9.1\u2014Design philosophy
9.1\u2014Design philosophy
9.2\u2014Strengthening limits
9.2\u2014Strengthening limits <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\n9.2.1 Structural fire endurance
9.2.1 Structural fire endurance
9.2.2 Overall structural strength
9.2.2 Overall structural strength <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\n9.2.3 Seismic applications
9.2.3 Seismic applications
9.3\u2014Selection of FRP systems
9.3\u2014Selection of FRP systems
9.3.1 Environmental considerations
9.3.1 Environmental considerations
9.3.2 Loading considerations
9.3.2 Loading considerations
9.3.3 Durability considerations
9.3.3 Durability considerations
9.3.4 Protective-coating selection considerations
9.3.4 Protective-coating selection considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\n9.4\u2014Design material properties
9.4\u2014Design material properties
CHAPTER 10\u2014 FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING
CHAPTER 10\u2014 FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING
10.1\u2014Nominal strength
10.1\u2014Nominal strength <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\n10.1.1 Failure modes
10.1.1 Failure modes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28<\/td>\n10.2\u2014Reinforced concrete members
10.2\u2014Reinforced concrete members
10.2.1 Assumptions
10.2.1 Assumptions
10.2.2 Shear strength
10.2.2 Shear strength
10.2.3 Existing substrate strain
10.2.3 Existing substrate strain
10.2.4 Flexural strengthening of concave soffits
10.2.4 Flexural strengthening of concave soffits
10.2.5 Strain level in FRP reinforcement
10.2.5 Strain level in FRP reinforcement
10.2.6 Stress level in the FRP reinforcement
10.2.6 Stress level in the FRP reinforcement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29<\/td>\n10.2.7 Strength reduction factor
10.2.7 Strength reduction factor
10.2.8 Serviceability
10.2.8 Serviceability
10.2.9 Creep-rupture and fatigue stress limits
10.2.9 Creep-rupture and fatigue stress limits <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\n10.2.10 Ultimate strength of singly reinforced rectangular section
10.2.10 Ultimate strength of singly reinforced rectangular section <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\n10.2.10.1 Stress in steel under service loads
10.2.10.1 Stress in steel under service loads
10.2.10.2 Stress in FRP under service loads
10.2.10.2 Stress in FRP under service loads
10.3\u2014Prestressed concrete members
10.3\u2014Prestressed concrete members
10.3.1 Members with bonded prestressing steel
10.3.1 Members with bonded prestressing steel
10.3.1.1 Assumptions
10.3.1.1 Assumptions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
32<\/td>\n10.3.1.2 Strain in FRP reinforcement
10.3.1.2 Strain in FRP reinforcement
10.3.1.3 Strength reduction factor
10.3.1.3 Strength reduction factor
10.3.1.4 Serviceability
10.3.1.4 Serviceability
10.3.1.5 Creep-rupture and fatigue stress limits
10.3.1.5 Creep-rupture and fatigue stress limits
10.3.1.6 Nominal strength
10.3.1.6 Nominal strength <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\n10.3.1.7 Stress in prestressing steel under service loads
10.3.1.7 Stress in prestressing steel under service loads
10.3.1.8 Stress in FRP under service loads
10.3.1.8 Stress in FRP under service loads <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
34<\/td>\nCHAPTER 11\u2014 SHEAR STRENGTHENING
CHAPTER 11\u2014 SHEAR STRENGTHENING
11.1\u2014General considerations
11.1\u2014General considerations
11.2\u2014Wrapping schemes
11.2\u2014Wrapping schemes
11.3\u2014Nominal shear strength
11.3\u2014Nominal shear strength <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\n11.4\u2014FRP contribution to shear strength
11.4\u2014FRP contribution to shear strength
11.4.1 Effective strain in FRP laminates
11.4.1 Effective strain in FRP laminates
11.4.1.1 Completely wrapped members
11.4.1.1 Completely wrapped members
11.4.1.2 Bonded U-wraps or bonded face plies
11.4.1.2 Bonded U-wraps or bonded face plies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
36<\/td>\n11.4.2 Spacing
11.4.2 Spacing
11.4.3 Reinforcement limits
11.4.3 Reinforcement limits
CHAPTER 12\u2014 STRENGTHENING OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL FORCE OR COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING FORCES
CHAPTER 12\u2014 STRENGTHENING OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL FORCE OR COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING FORCES
12.1\u2014Pure axial compression
12.1\u2014Pure axial compression <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\n12.1.1 Circular cross sections
12.1.1 Circular cross sections
12.1.2 Noncircular cross sections
12.1.2 Noncircular cross sections <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\n12.1.3 Serviceability considerations
12.1.3 Serviceability considerations
12.2\u2014Combined axial compression and bending
12.2\u2014Combined axial compression and bending <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\n12.3\u2014Ductility enhancement
12.3\u2014Ductility enhancement
12.3.1 Circular cross sections
12.3.1 Circular cross sections
12.3.2 Noncircular cross sections
12.3.2 Noncircular cross sections
12.4\u2014Pure axial tension
12.4\u2014Pure axial tension
CHAPTER 13\u2014 FRP REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
CHAPTER 13\u2014 FRP REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
13.1\u2014Bond and delamination
13.1\u2014Bond and delamination
13.1.1 FRP debonding
13.1.1 FRP debonding <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\n13.1.2 FRP end peeling
13.1.2 FRP end peeling
13.1.3 Development length
13.1.3 Development length
13.2\u2014Detailing of laps and splices
13.2\u2014Detailing of laps and splices <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
41<\/td>\n13.3\u2014Bond of near-surface-mounted systems
13.3\u2014Bond of near-surface-mounted systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\nCHAPTER 14\u2014 DRAWINGS, SPECIFICATIONS, AND SUBMITTALS
CHAPTER 14\u2014 DRAWINGS, SPECIFICATIONS, AND SUBMITTALS
14.1\u2014 Engineering requirements
14.1\u2014 Engineering requirements
14.2\u2014Drawings and specifications
14.2\u2014Drawings and specifications
14.3\u2014Submittals
14.3\u2014Submittals
14.3.1 FRP system manufacturer
14.3.1 FRP system manufacturer
14.3.2 FRP system installation contractor
14.3.2 FRP system installation contractor
14.3.3 FRP system inspection agency
14.3.3 FRP system inspection agency <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
43<\/td>\nPART 5\u2014DESIGN EXAMPLES
PART 5\u2014DESIGN EXAMPLES
CHAPTER 15\u2014 DESIGN EXAMPLES
CHAPTER 15\u2014 DESIGN EXAMPLES
15.1\u2014 Calculation of FRP system tensile properties
15.1\u2014 Calculation of FRP system tensile properties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
44<\/td>\n15.2\u2014Comparison of FRP systems\u2019 tensile properties
15.2\u2014Comparison of FRP systems\u2019 tensile properties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
45<\/td>\n15.3\u2014Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with FRP laminates
15.3\u2014Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with FRP laminates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
49<\/td>\n15.4\u2014Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with NSM FRP bars
15.4\u2014Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with NSM FRP bars <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
54<\/td>\n15.5\u2014Flexural strengthening of an interior prestressed concrete beam with FRP laminates
15.5\u2014Flexural strengthening of an interior prestressed concrete beam with FRP laminates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
59<\/td>\n15.6\u2014Shear strengthening of an interior T-beam
15.6\u2014Shear strengthening of an interior T-beam <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
61<\/td>\n15.7\u2014Shear strengthening of an exterior column
15.7\u2014Shear strengthening of an exterior column <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
62<\/td>\n15.8\u2014Strengthening of a noncircular concrete column for axial load increase
15.8\u2014Strengthening of a noncircular concrete column for axial load increase <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
64<\/td>\n15.9\u2014Strengthening of a noncircular concrete column for increase in axial and bending forces
15.9\u2014Strengthening of a noncircular concrete column for increase in axial and bending forces <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\nCHAPTER 16\u2014 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 16\u2014 REFERENCES
16.1\u2014 Referenced standards and reports
16.1\u2014 Referenced standards and reports <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
69<\/td>\n16.2\u2014Cited references
16.2\u2014Cited references <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\nAPPENDIXES
APPENDIXES
APPENDIX A\u2014 MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON, GLASS, AND ARAMID FIBERS
APPENDIX A\u2014 MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON, GLASS, AND ARAMID FIBERS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
75<\/td>\nAPPENDIX B\u2014 SUMMARY OF STANDARD TEST METHODS
APPENDIX B\u2014 SUMMARY OF STANDARD TEST METHODS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\nAPPENDIX C\u2014 AREAS OF FUTURE RESEARCH
APPENDIX C\u2014 AREAS OF FUTURE RESEARCH <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
77<\/td>\nAPPENDIX D\u2014 METHODOLOGY FOR COMPUTATION OF SIMPLIFIED P- M INTERACTION DIAGRAM FOR NONCIRCULAR COLUMNS
APPENDIX D\u2014 METHODOLOGY FOR COMPUTATION OF SIMPLIFIED P- M INTERACTION DIAGRAM FOR NONCIRCULAR COLUMNS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

440.2R-08 Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ACI<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2008<\/td>\n80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":160959,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2650],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-160955","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-aci","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/160955","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/160959"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=160955"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=160955"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=160955"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}