This part of IEC 60953 establishes a Supplementary Standard (SS) for thermal verification tests of retrofitted steam turbines. The rules given in this SS follow the guidance given in IEC 60953-0, hereinafter called the Reference Standard (RS) but contain amendments and supplements regarding guarantees and verification of the guarantees by thermal acceptance tests on retrofitted steam turbines. General principles for the preparation, performance, evaluation, comparison with guaranteed values and the determination of the measurement uncertainties of verification tests are given in this SS. This SS is applicable only when the retrofit involves some hardware change in the steam turbine equipment. Conversely, any modification on the cycle or any retrofit of other equipment of the power plant (e.g. boiler, feedwater heaters, etc.) is not covered by this SS.<\/p>\n
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| 2<\/td>\n | undefined <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 5<\/td>\n | Annex ZA (normative)Normative references to international publicationswith their corresponding European publications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 6<\/td>\n | Blank Page <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 7<\/td>\n | English CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 13<\/td>\n | FOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 15<\/td>\n | INTRODUCTION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | 1 Scope 1.1 General 1.2 Object 1.3 Matters to be considered in the contract 2 Normative references <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 19<\/td>\n | 3 Units, symbols, terms and definitions 3.1 General 3.2 Symbols, units 3.3 Subscripts, superscripts and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | 3.4 Guarantee parameters 3.4.1 Guidance on guarantee parameters 3.4.2 Thermal efficiency 3.4.3 Heat rate 3.4.4 Thermodynamic efficiency 3.4.5 Steam rate 3.4.6 Main steam flow capacity 3.4.7 Power output 3.4.8 Guarantee values for extraction and mixed-pressure turbines 3.4.9 Thermal Load Capacity (for Nuclear applications) 3.5 Additional guarantee parameters 3.5.1 General 3.5.2 Cylinder isentropic efficiency \u2013 expansion in superheated region <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | 3.5.3 Cylinder isentropic efficiency \u2013 expansion involving wet region Figures Figure 1 \u2013 Isentropic efficiency of the HP cylinder <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | Figure 2 \u2013 LP turbine expansion line <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | 3.5.4 Pressure loss 3.5.5 Flow-passing capacity (FPC) 4 Guiding principles 4.1 Advance planning for test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | 4.2 Preparatory agreements and arrangements for tests 4.3 Planning of the test 4.3.1 Time for verification tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 26<\/td>\n | 4.3.2 Direction of acceptance tests 4.4 Preparation of the tests 4.4.1 Condition of the plant Tables Table 1 \u2013 Maximum deviations and fluctuations inoperating conditions from specified and relative data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | 4.4.2 Condition of the steam turbine 4.4.3 Condition of the condenser 4.4.4 Isolation of the cycle 4.4.5 Checks for leakage of condenser and feed water heaters 4.4.6 Cleanliness of the steam strainers 4.4.7 Checking of the test measuring equipment 4.5 Comparison measurements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | 4.6 Settings for test 4.6.1 Load settings 4.6.2 Special settings 4.7 Preliminary tests 4.8 Acceptance tests 4.8.1 Constancy of test conditions 4.8.2 Maximum deviation and fluctuation in test conditions 4.8.3 Duration of test runs and frequency of reading 4.8.4 Reading of integrating measuring instruments 4.8.5 Alternative methods 4.8.6 Recording of tests 4.8.7 Additional measurement 4.8.8 Preliminary calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | 4.8.9 Consistency and number of tests 4.9 Repetition of acceptance tests 4.10 Guidance on retrofit guarantees 4.10.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 30<\/td>\n | 4.10.2 Absolute guarantees Table 2 \u2013 Guarantee alternatives <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 31<\/td>\n | 4.10.3 Relative guarantees <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 32<\/td>\n | 5 Measuring techniques and measuring instruments 5.1 Overview 5.1.1 Instrument accuracy requirements 5.1.2 Measuring instruments 5.1.3 Measuring uncertainty 5.1.4 Calibration of instruments 5.1.5 Alternative instrumentation 5.1.6 Consistency of pre- and post-retrofit tests 5.2 Measurement of power 5.2.1 Determination of mechanical turbine output 5.2.2 Measurement of boiler feed pump power <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 33<\/td>\n | 5.2.3 Determination of electrical power of a turbine generator 5.2.4 Measurement of electrical power 5.2.5 Electrical instrument connections 5.2.6 Electrical instruments 5.2.7 Instrument transformers 5.2.8 Determination of electrical power of pre- and post-retrofit tests 5.3 Flow measurement 5.3.1 Determination of flows to be measured <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 34<\/td>\n | 5.3.2 Measurement of primary flow 5.3.3 Installation and location of flow measuring devices 5.3.4 Calibration of primary flow devices for water flow 5.3.5 Inspection of flow measuring devices <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 35<\/td>\n | 5.3.6 Differential pressure measurements 5.3.7 Water flow fluctuation 5.3.8 Secondary flow measurements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 36<\/td>\n | 5.3.9 Occasional secondary flows 5.3.10 Density of water and steam 5.3.11 Determination of cooling water flow of condenser 5.4 Pressure measurement (excluding condensing turbine exhaust pressure) 5.4.1 Pressures to be measured 5.4.2 Instruments 5.4.3 Main pressure measurements 5.4.4 Pressure tapping holes and connecting lines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 37<\/td>\n | 5.4.5 Shut-off valves 5.4.6 Calibration of pressure measuring devices 5.4.7 Atmospheric pressure 5.4.8 Correction of readings 5.5 Condensing turbine exhaust pressure measurement 5.5.1 General 5.5.2 Plane of measurement 5.5.3 Pressure taps 5.5.4 Manifolds 5.5.5 Connecting lines 5.5.6 Instruments 5.5.7 Calibration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 38<\/td>\n | 5.6 Temperature measurement 5.6.1 Points of temperature measurement 5.6.2 Instruments 5.6.3 Main temperature measurements 5.6.4 Feed train temperature measurements (including bled steam) 5.6.5 Condenser cooling water temperature measurement 5.6.6 Thermometer wells 5.6.7 Precautions to be observed in the measurement of temperature 5.7 Steam quality determination 5.7.1 General 5.7.2 Tracer technique 5.7.3 Condensing method 5.7.4 Constant rate injection method 5.7.5 Extraction enthalpy determined by constant rate injection method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 39<\/td>\n | 5.7.6 Tracers and their use 5.7.7 Use of tracer techniques in retrofit applications 5.8 Time measurement 5.9 Speed measurement 6 Evaluation of tests 6.1 Preparation of evaluation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 40<\/td>\n | 6.2 Computation of results 6.2.1 Calculation of average values of instrument readings 6.2.2 Correction and conversion of averaged readings 6.2.3 Checking of measured data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 41<\/td>\n | 6.2.4 Thermodynamic properties of steam and water 6.2.5 Calculation of test results Table 3 \u2013 Apportionment of unaccounted leakages <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 44<\/td>\n | 7 Corrections of test results and comparison with guarantee 7.1 Guarantee values and guarantee conditions 7.1.1 Guarantee values and guarantee conditions specific to retrofits <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 45<\/td>\n | 7.2 Correction of initial steam flow capacity 7.3 Correction of output 7.3.1 Correction of maximum output 7.3.2 Correction of Output with specified initial steam flow 7.4 Correction of the thermal performance 7.5 Definition and application of correction values 7.6 Correction methods 7.6.1 General 7.6.2 Correction by heat balance calculation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 46<\/td>\n | 7.6.3 Correction by use of correction curves prepared by the manufacturer 7.6.4 Tests to determine correction values 7.7 Variables to be considered in the correction of specific turbine cycles 7.7.1 Scope of corrections 7.7.2 Turbines with regenerative feed-water heating 7.7.3 Turbines which have no provision for the addition or extraction of steam after partial expansion 7.7.4 Turbines with steam extraction for purposes other than feed-water heating (extraction turbines) 7.7.5 Other types of turbine 7.8 Guarantee comparison 7.8.1 Tolerance and weighting 7.8.2 Guarantee comparison with locus curve 7.8.3 Guarantee comparison with guarantee point 7.8.4 Guarantee comparison for turbines with throttle governing 7.8.5 Guarantee comparison for extraction turbines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 47<\/td>\n | 7.8.6 Additional consideration for retrofit guarantee comparison 7.9 Deterioration of turbine performance (ageing) 7.9.1 Timing to minimise deterioration 7.9.2 Correction with comparison tests 7.9.3 Correction without comparison tests 7.9.4 Deterioration of performance of retrofitted components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 48<\/td>\n | 8 Measuring uncertainty 8.1 General 8.2 Determination of measuring uncertainty of steam and water properties 8.2.1 Pressure 8.2.2 Temperature 8.2.3 Enthalpy and enthalpy difference 8.3 Calculation of measuring uncertainty of output 8.3.1 Electrical measurement 8.3.2 Mechanical measurement 8.3.3 Additional uncertainty allowance because of unsteady load conditions Table 4 \u2013 Typical effects of cylinder efficiency on heat rate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 49<\/td>\n | 8.4 Determination of measuring uncertainty of mass flow 8.4.1 Measuring uncertainty of mass flow measurements 8.4.2 Measuring uncertainty of multiple measurements of primary flow 8.4.3 Uncertainty allowance for cycle imperfections 8.5 Calculation of measuring uncertainty of results 8.5.1 General 8.5.2 Measuring uncertainty of thermal efficiency 8.5.3 Measuring uncertainty of thermodynamic efficiency 8.5.4 Uncertainty of corrections 8.5.5 Guiding values for the measuring uncertainty of results 8.6 Example uncertainty calculation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 50<\/td>\n | Annex A (normative)Feedwater heater leakage and condenser leakage tests A.1 Feedwater heater leakage tests A.2 Condenser leakage tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 51<\/td>\n | Annex B (normative)Evaluation of multiple measurements, compatibility <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 52<\/td>\n | Annex C (normative)Mass flow balances C.1 General C.2 Flows for further evaluations (informative) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 53<\/td>\n | Annex D (informative)Short-statistical definition of measuring uncertaintyand error propagation in acceptance test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 54<\/td>\n | Annex E (informative)Temperature variation method E.1 Description of the problem E.2 Possibility to determine the leakage flow E.3 Applied example <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 55<\/td>\n | Annex F (normative)Measuring uncertainty of results \u2013 retrofit application <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 58<\/td>\n | Annex G (informative)Retrofit improvement calculation \u2013numerical examples (fossil and nuclear) G.1 General G.2 Example of retrofitting a fossil-fired reheat turbine G.2.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 59<\/td>\n | Figure G.1 \u2013 HP cylinder expansion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 60<\/td>\n | Figure G.2 \u2013 LP cylinder expansion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 62<\/td>\n | G.2.2 HP cylinder retrofitting <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 63<\/td>\n | G.2.3 LP cylinder retrofitting with relative guarantee on heat rate(treated separately from the HP case) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 64<\/td>\n | G.2.4 Effect of retrofit on associated plant performance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 65<\/td>\n | Figure G.3 \u2013 Original heat balance diagram (or base line) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 66<\/td>\n | Figure G.4 \u2013 Correction curves <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 67<\/td>\n | Figure G.5 \u2013 Pre-retrofit test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 68<\/td>\n | Figure G.6 \u2013 Pre-retrofit test: HP cylinder replaced <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 69<\/td>\n | Figure G.7 \u2013 Pre-retrofit test: LP cylinder replaced <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 70<\/td>\n | G.3 Example of retrofitting a nuclear turbine G.3.1 General Figure G.8 \u2013 Leaving loss curve <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 71<\/td>\n | G.3.2 Retrofit scenario and testing procedure G.3.3 Correction curves <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 72<\/td>\n | G.3.4 Application of correction curves <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 73<\/td>\n | Table G.1 \u2013 Main parameters of the heat balances (Figure G.17 to Figure G.19) Table G.2 \u2013 Comparison between guaranteed and post-testre-calculated heat balance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 74<\/td>\n | G.3.5 Comparison of the measured values to the guarantees Table G.3 \u2013 Measured and corresponding calculated values from the post-test Table G.4 \u2013 Corrections due to differences between measured and calculated values (from post re-calculated heat balance, Figure G.19) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 75<\/td>\n | Figure G.9 \u2013 Correction curve of heat rate due to live steam pressure Table G.5 \u2013 Summary of corrections <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 76<\/td>\n | Figure G.10 \u2013 Correction curve of heat rate due to thermal power Figure G.11 \u2013 Correction curve of heat rate due to exhaust pressure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 77<\/td>\n | Figure G.12 \u2013 Correction curve of heat rate due to quality of live steam Figure G.13 \u2013 Correction curve of heat rate for \u0394p of the moisture separator\/reheaters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 78<\/td>\n | Figure G.14 \u2013 Correction curve of heat rate due to temperature of the reheat steam Figure G.15 \u2013 Correction curve of heat rate due to quality of steamafter the moisture separator <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 79<\/td>\n | Figure G.16 \u2013 Curve of live steam pressure before the valves of the turbineas a function of thermal power <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 80<\/td>\n | Figure G.17 \u2013 Baseline heat balance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 81<\/td>\n | Figure G.18 \u2013 Guarantee heat balance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 82<\/td>\n | Figure G.19 \u2013 Post-retrofit test re-calculated heat balance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 83<\/td>\n | Annex H (informative)Uncertainty calculation \u2013 numerical examples (fossil and nuclear) H.1 General H.2 Fossil case study H.2.1 General Table H.1 \u2013 Assumed total measured variable uncertaintyfor pressure, temperature and generator output <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 84<\/td>\n | H.2.2 Evaluation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 85<\/td>\n | Table H.2 \u2013 Uncertainty percentage of calculated results at different flow measurement uncertainty levels for a fossil plant Table H.3 \u2013 Uncertainty percentage of calculated results at different correlation levels for a fossil plant <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 86<\/td>\n | Figure H.1 \u2013 Instrumentation for a fossil plant <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 87<\/td>\n | Table H.4 \u2013 Heat Rate uncertainty of a fossil plant <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 89<\/td>\n | Table H.5 \u2013 HP isentropic efficiency uncertainty of a fossil plant <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 91<\/td>\n | Table H.6 \u2013 IP isentropic efficiency uncertainty of a fossil plant <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 93<\/td>\n | Table H.7 \u2013 LP isentropic efficiency uncertainty of a fossil plant <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 95<\/td>\n | H.3 Nuclear case study H.3.1 General H.3.2 Evaluation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 96<\/td>\n | Table H.8 \u2013 Uncertainty percentage of calculated results atdifferent flow measurement uncertainty levels for a nuclear plant Table H.9 \u2013 Uncertainty percentage of calculated results at different correlation levels for a nuclear plant <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 97<\/td>\n | Figure H.2 \u2013 Instrumentation for a nuclear plant <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 98<\/td>\n | Table H.10 \u2013 Heat Rate uncertainty of a nuclear plant <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 100<\/td>\n | Table H.11 \u2013 HP isentropic efficiency uncertainty of a nuclear plant <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 102<\/td>\n | Table H.12 \u2013 LP isentropic efficiency uncertainty of a nuclear plant <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Rules for steam turbine thermal acceptance tests – Thermal performance verification tests of retrofitted steam turbines<\/b><\/p>\n |